32142, 21481, 25964, 21686, novel human dehydrogenase molecules and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention provides isolated nucleic acids molecules, designated DHDR nucleic acid molecules, which encode novel DHDR-related dehydrogenase molecules. The invention also provides antisense nucleic acid molecules, recombinant expression vectors containing DHDR nucleic acid molecules, host cells into which the expression vectors have been introduced, and nonhuman transgenic animals in which a DHDR gene has been introduced or disrupted. The invention still further provides isolated DHDR proteins, fusion proteins, antigenic peptides and anti-DHDR antibodies. Diagnostic methods utilizing compositions of the invention are also provided.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. provisional ApplicationNo. 60/192,002, filed on Mar. 24, 2000, incorporated herein in itsentirety by this reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The oxidation and reduction of molecules is of criticalimportance in most metabolic and catabolic pathways in cells. A largefamily of enzymes which facilitate these molecular alterations, termeddehydrogenases, have been identified. In the forward reaction, theseenzymes catalyze the transfer of a hydride ion from the target substrateto the enzyme or a cofactor of the enzyme (e.g., NAD⁺ or NADP⁺), therebyforming a carbonyl group on the substrate. These enzymes are also ableto participate in the reverse reaction, wherein a carbonyl group on thetarget molecule is reduced by the transfer of a hydride group from theenzyme. Members of the dehydrogenase family are found in nearly allorganisms, from microbes to Drosophila to humans. Both between speciesand within the same species, dehydrogenases vary widely, and structuralsimilarities between distant dehydrogenase family members are mostfrequently found in the cofactor binding site of the enzyme. Even withina particular subclass of dehydrogenase molecules, e.g., the short-chaindehydrogenase molecules, members typically display only 15-30% aminoacid sequence identity, and this is limited to the cofactor binding siteand the catalytic site (Jornvall et al. (1995) Biochemistry34:6003-6013).

[0003] Different classes of dehydrogenases are specific for an array ofbiological and chemical substrates. For example, there existdehydrogenases specific for alcohols, for aldehydes, for steroids, andfor lipids, with particularly important classes of dehydrogenasesincluding the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductases, the medium-chaindehydrogenases, the aldehyde dehydrogenases, the alcohol dehydrogenases,and the steroid dehydrogenases. Within each of these classes, eachenzyme is specific for a particular substrate (e.g., ethanol orisopropanol, but not both with equivalent affinity). This exquisitespecificity not only permits tight regulation of the metabolic andcatabolic pathways in which these enzymes participate, without affectingsimilar but separate biochemical pathways in the same cell or tissue.The short-chain dehydrogenases, part of the alcohol oxidoreductasesuperfamily (Reid et al. (1994) Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 20:13-56), areZn⁺⁺-independent enzymes with an N-terminal cofactor binding site and aC-terminal catalytic domain (Persson et al. (1995) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.372:383-395; Jornvall et al.(1995) supra), whereas the medium chaindehydrogenases are Zn⁺⁺-dependent enzymes with an N-terminal catalyticdomain and a C-terminal coenzyme binding domain (Jornvall et al.(1995)supra; Jornvall et al. (1999) FEBS Lett. 445:261-264). The steroiddehydrogenases are a subclass of the short-chain dehydrogenases, and areknown to be involved in a variety of biochemical pathways, affectingmammalian reproduction, hypertension, neoplasia, and digestion (Duax etal. (2000) Vitamins and Hormones 58:121-148). Aldehyde dehydrogenasesshow heterogeneity in the placement of these domains, and alsoheterogeneity in their substrates, which include toxic substances,retinoic acid, betaine, biogenic amine, and neurotransmitters (Hsu etal. (1997) Gene 189:89-94). It is common in higher organisms fordifferent dehydrogenase molecules to be expressed in different tissues,according to the localization of the substrate for which the enzyme isspecific. For example, different mammalian aldehyde dehydrogenases arelocalized to different tissues, e.g., salivary gland, stomach, andkidney (Hsu et al. (1997) supra).

[0004] Dehydrogenases play important roles in the production andbreakdown of nearly all major metabolic intermediates, including aminoacids, vitamins, energy molecules (e.g., glucose, sucrose, and theirbreakdown products), signal molecules (e.g., transcription factors andneurotransmitters), and nucleic acids. As such, their activitycontributes to the ability of the cell to grow and differentiate, toproliferate, and to communicate and interact with other cells.Dehydrogenases also are important in the detoxification of compounds towhich the organism is exposed, such as alcohols, toxins, carcinogens,and mutagens.

[0005] A dehydrogenase of the short-chain family, 11-beta-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase, activates glucocorticoids in the liver. Glucocorticoidsare known to induce transcription of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genes,probably by direct binding of the ligand-glucorcorticoid receptorcomplex to an enhancer element in the HBV genome. There is also evidencethat short chain dehydrogenases are transcriptional cofactors forretrovirus gene activation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] The present invention is based, at least in part, on thediscovery of novel members of the family of dehydrogenase molecules,referred to herein as DHDR nucleic acid and protein molecules (e.g.,DHDR-1, DHDR-2, DHDR-3, and DHDR-4). The DHDR nucleic acid and proteinmolecules of the present invention are useful as modulating agents inregulating a variety of cellular processes, e.g., viral infection,cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration.Accordingly, in one aspect, this invention provides isolated nucleicacid molecules encoding DHDR proteins or biologically active portionsthereof, as well as nucleic acid fragments suitable as primers orhybridization probes for the detection of DHDR-encoding nucleic acids.

[0007] In one embodiment, a DHDR nucleic acid molecule of the inventionis at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%,98%, 99% or more identical to the nucleotide sequence (e.g., to theentire length of the nucleotide sequence) shown in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6,7, 9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of theplasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______, or a complementthereof.

[0008] In a preferred embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid moleculeincludes the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9,10, or 12, or a complement thereof. In another embodiment, the nucleicacid molecule includes SEQ ID NO:3 and nucleotides 1-62 of SEQ ID NO:1.In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule includes SEQ ID NO:6and nucleotides 1-330 of SEQ ID NO:4. In yet another embodiment, thenucleic acid molecule includes SEQ ID NO:9 and nucleotides 1-280 of SEQID NO:7. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule includes SEQID NO:12 and nucleotides 1-60 of SEQ ID NO:10. In yet a furtherembodiment, the nucleic acid molecule includes SEQ ID NO:3 andnucleotides 2472-2660 of SEQ ID NO:1. In another embodiment, the nucleicacid molecule includes SEQ ID NO:6 and nucleotides 1267-1379 of SEQ IDNO:4. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule includes SEQ IDNO:9 and nucleotides 1391-1725 of SEQ ID NO:7. In another embodiment,the nucleic acid molecule includes SEQ ID NO:12 and nucleotides1030-1209 of SEQ ID NO:10. In another preferred embodiment, the nucleicacid molecule consists of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1,3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12.

[0009] In another embodiment, a DHDR nucleic acid molecule includes anucleotide sequence encoding a protein having an amino acid sequencesufficiently identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8,or 11, or an amino acid sequence encoded by the DNA insert of theplasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______. In a preferredembodiment, a DHDR nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleotide sequenceencoding a protein having an amino acid sequence at least 50%, 55%, 60%,65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identicalto the entire length of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or11, or the amino acid sequence encoded by the DNA insert of the plasmiddeposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______.

[0010] In another preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acidmolecule encodes the amino acid sequence of human DHDR-1, DHDR-2,DHDR-3, or DHDR-4. In yet another preferred embodiment, the nucleic acidmolecule includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein having theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11, or the amino acidsequence encoded by the DNA insert of the plasmid deposited with ATCC asAccession Number ______. In yet another preferred embodiment, thenucleic acid molecule is at least 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400,450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000 or morenucleotides in length. In a further preferred embodiment, the nucleicacid molecule is at least 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450,500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000 or morenucleotides in length and encodes a protein having a DHDR activity (asdescribed herein).

[0011] Another embodiment of the invention features nucleic acidmolecules, preferably DHDR nucleic acid molecules, which specificallydetect DHDR nucleic acid molecules relative to nucleic acid moleculesencoding non-DHDR proteins. For example, in one embodiment, such anucleic acid molecule is at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950,1000 or more nucleotides in length and hybridizes under stringentconditions to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequenceshown in SEQ ID NO:1, 4, 7, or 10, the nucleotide sequence of the DNAinsert of the plasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______, ora complement thereof.

[0012] In preferred embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules are at least15 (e.g., 15 contiguous) nucleotides in length and hybridize understringent conditions to the nucleotide molecules set forth in SEQ IDNO:1, 4, 7, or 10.

[0013] In other preferred embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodesa naturally occurring allelic variant of a polypeptide comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11, or an amino acidsequence encoded by the DNA insert of the plasmid deposited with ATCC asAccession Number ______, wherein the nucleic acid molecule hybridizes toa nucleic acid molecule comprising SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or12, respectively, under stringent conditions.

[0014] Another embodiment of the invention provides an isolated nucleicacid molecule which is antisense to a DHDR nucleic acid molecule, e.g.,the coding strand of a DHDR nucleic acid molecule.

[0015] Another aspect of the invention provides a vector comprising aDHDR nucleic acid molecule. In certain embodiments, the vector is arecombinant expression vector. In another embodiment, the inventionprovides a host cell containing a vector of the invention. In yetanother embodiment, the invention provides a host cell containing anucleic acid molecule of the invention. The invention also provides amethod for producing a protein, preferably a DHDR protein, by culturingin a suitable medium, a host cell, e.g., a mammalian host cell such as anon-human mammalian cell, of the invention containing a recombinantexpression vector, such that the protein is produced.

[0016] Another aspect of this invention features isolated or recombinantDHDR proteins and polypeptides. In one embodiment, an isolated DHDRprotein includes at least one or more of the following domains: atransmembrane domain, a signal peptide domain, an aldehyde dehydrogenaseoxidoreductase domain, an aldehyde dehydrogenase family domain, a shortchain dehydrogenase domain, an oxidoreductase protein dehydrogenasedomain, a 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain, a NAD-dependentepimerase/dehydratase domain, a short chain dehydrogenase/reductasedomain, a shikimate 5-dehydrogenase domain, a dehydrogenase domain,and/or a glucose-1-dehydrogenase domain.

[0017] In a preferred embodiment, a DHDR protein includes at least oneor more of the following domains: a transmembrane domain, a signalpeptide domain, an aldehyde dehydrogenase oxidoreductase domain, analdehyde dehydrogenase family domain, a short chain dehydrogenasedomain, an oxidoreductase protein dehydrogenase domain, a 3-betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain, a NAD-dependentepimerase/dehydratase domain, a short chain dehydrogenase/reductasedomain, a shikimate 5-dehydrogenase domain, a dehydrogenase domain,and/or a glucose-1-dehydrogenase domain, and has an amino acid sequenceat least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 67%, 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11, or the amino acid sequence encoded by the DNAinsert of the plasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______. Inanother preferred embodiment, a DHDR protein includes at least one ormore of the following domains: a transmembrane domain, a signal peptidedomain, an aldehyde dehydrogenase oxidoreductase domain, an aldehydedehydrogenase family domain, a short chain dehydrogenase domain, anoxidoreductase protein dehydrogenase domain, a 3-beta hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase domain, a NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase domain, ashort chain dehydrogenase/reductase domain, a shikimate 5-dehydrogenasedomain, a dehydrogenase domain, and/or a glucose-1-dehydrogenase domain,and has a DHDR activity (as described herein).

[0018] In yet another preferred embodiment, a DHDR protein includes atleast one or more of the following domains: a transmembrane domain, asignal peptide domain, an aldehyde dehydrogenase oxidoreductase domain,an aldehyde dehydrogenase family domain, a short chain dehydrogenasedomain, an oxidoreductase protein dehydrogenase domain, a 3-betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain, a NAD-dependentepimerase/dehydratase domain, a short chain dehydrogenase/reductasedomain, a shikimate 5-dehydrogenase domain, a dehydrogenase domain,and/or a glucose-1-dehydrogenase domain, and is encoded by a nucleicacid molecule having a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes understringent hybridization conditions to a nucleic acid molecule comprisingthe nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12.

[0019] In another embodiment, the invention features fragments of theprotein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11,wherein the fragment comprises at least 16 amino acids (e.g., contiguousamino acids) of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11, oran amino acid sequence encoded by the DNA insert of the plasmiddeposited with the ATCC as Accession Number ______. In anotherembodiment, a DHDR protein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2,5, 8, or 11.

[0020] In another embodiment, the invention features a DHDR proteinwhich is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule consisting of a nucleotidesequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to a nucleotide sequence ofSEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or a complement thereof. Thisinvention further features a DHDR protein which is encoded by a nucleicacid molecule consisting of a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes understringent hybridization conditions to a nucleic acid molecule comprisingthe nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or acomplement thereof.

[0021] The proteins of the present invention or portions thereof, e.g.,biologically active portions thereof, can be operatively linked to anon-DHDR polypeptide (e.g., heterologous amino acid sequences) to formfusion proteins. The invention further features antibodies, such asmonoclonal or polyclonal antibodies, that specifically bind proteins ofthe invention, preferably DHDR proteins. In addition, the DHDR proteinsor biologically active portions thereof can be incorporated intopharmaceutical compositions, which optionally include pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers.

[0022] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method fordetecting the presence of a DHDR nucleic acid molecule, protein, orpolypeptide in a biological sample by contacting the biological samplewith an agent capable of detecting a DHDR nucleic acid molecule,protein, or polypeptide such that the presence of a DHDR nucleic acidmolecule, protein or polypeptide is detected in the biological sample.

[0023] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method fordetecting the presence of DHDR activity in a biological sample bycontacting the biological sample with an agent capable of detecting anindicator of DHDR activity such that the presence of DHDR activity isdetected in the biological sample.

[0024] In another aspect, the invention provides a method for modulatingDHDR activity comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing DHDRwith an agent that modulates DHDR activity such that DHDR activity inthe cell is modulated. In one embodiment, the agent inhibits DHDRactivity. In another embodiment, the agent stimulates DHDR activity. Inone embodiment, the agent is an antibody that specifically binds to aDHDR protein. In another embodiment, the agent modulates expression ofDHDR by modulating transcription of a DHDR gene or translation of a DHDRmRNA. In yet another embodiment, the agent is a nucleic acid moleculehaving a nucleotide sequence that is antisense to the coding strand of aDHDR mRNA or a DHDR gene.

[0025] In one embodiment, the methods of the present invention are usedto treat a subject having a disorder characterized by aberrant orunwanted DHDR protein or nucleic acid expression or activity byadministering an agent which is a DHDR modulator to the subject. In oneembodiment, the DHDR modulator is a DHDR protein. In another embodimentthe DHDR modulator is a DHDR nucleic acid molecule. In yet anotherembodiment, the DHDR modulator is a peptide, peptidomimetic, or othersmall molecule. In a preferred embodiment, the disorder characterized byaberrant or unwanted DHDR protein or nucleic acid expression is adehydrogenase-associated disorder, e.g., a viral disorder, a CNSdisorder, a cardiovascular disorder, a muscular disorder, or a cellproliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration disorder.

[0026] The present invention also provides diagnostic assays foridentifying the presence or absence of a genetic alterationcharacterized by at least one of (i) aberrant modification or mutationof a gene encoding a DHDR protein; (ii) mis-regulation of the gene; and(iii) aberrant post-translational modification of a DHDR protein,wherein a wild-type form of the gene encodes a protein with a DHDRactivity.

[0027] In another aspect the invention provides methods for identifyinga compound that binds to or modulates the activity of a DHDR protein, byproviding an indicator composition comprising a DHDR protein having DHDRactivity, contacting the indicator composition with a test compound, anddetermining the effect of the test compound on DHDR activity in theindicator composition to identify a compound that modulates the activityof a DHDR protein.

[0028] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparentfrom the following detailed description and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029]FIG. 1 depicts the cDNA sequence and predicted amino acid sequenceof human DHDR-1 (clone FBH32142). The nucleotide sequence corresponds tonucleic acids 1 to 2660 of SEQ ID NO:1. The amino acid sequencecorresponds to amino acids 1 to 802 of SEQ ID NO: 2. The coding regionwithout the 3′ untranslated region of the human DHDR-1 gene is shown inSEQ ID NO: 3.

[0030]FIG. 2 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and antigenicityanalysis of the human DHDR-1 protein.

[0031]FIG. 3 depicts the results of a search which was performed againstthe MEMSAT database and which resulted in the identification of one“transmembrane domains” in the human DHDR-1 protein (SEQ ID NO:2).

[0032]FIG. 4 depicts the results of a search which was performed againstthe HMM database and which resulted in the identification of an“aldehyde dehydrogenase family domain” in the human DHDR-1 protein.

[0033]FIG. 5 depicts the results of a search which was performed againstthe ProDom database and which resulted in the identification of a“aldehyde dehydrogenase oxidoreductase domain” in the human DHDR-1protein (SEQ ID NO:2).

[0034]FIG. 6 depicts the cDNA sequence and predicted amino acid sequenceof human DHDR-2 (clone Fbh21481). The nucleotide sequence corresponds tonucleic acids 1379 of SEQ ID NO:4. The amino acid sequence correspondsto amino acids 1 to 311 of SEQ ID NO: 5. The coding region without the3′ untranslated region of the human DHDR-2 gene is shown in SEQ ID NO:6.

[0035]FIG. 7 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and antigenicityanalysis of the human DHDR-2 protein.

[0036]FIG. 8 depicts the results of a signal peptide prediction and asearch which was performed against the MEMSAT database and whichresulted in the identification of a signal peptide and one“transmembrane domain” in the human DHDR-2 protein (SEQ ID NO:5).

[0037]FIG. 9 depicts the results of a search which was performed againstthe HMM database and which resulted in the identification of a“short-chain dehydrogenase domain” in the human DHDR-2 protein.

[0038]FIG. 10 depicts the results of a search which was performedagainst the ProDom database and which resulted in the identification ofa “oxidoreductase protein dehydrogenase domain” in the human DHDR-2protein (SEQ ID NO:5).

[0039]FIG. 11 depicts the cDNA sequence and predicted amino acidsequence of human DHDR-3 (clone Fbh25964). The nucleotide sequencecorresponds to nucleic acids 1 to 1725 of SEQ ID NO:7. The amino acidsequence corresponds to amino acids 1 to 369 of SEQ ID NO: 8. The codingregion without the 3′ untranslated region of the human DHDR-3 gene isshown in SEQ ID NO: 9.

[0040]FIG. 12 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and antigenicityanalysis of the human DHDR-3 protein.

[0041]FIG. 13 depicts the results of a search which was performedagainst the MEMSAT database and which resulted in the identification offour “transmembrane domains” in the human DHDR-3 protein (SEQ ID NO:8).

[0042]FIG. 14 depicts the results of a search which was performedagainst the HMM database and which resulted in the identification of a“3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain”, a “short chaindehydrogenase domain”, and a “NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratasedomain” in the human DHDR-3 protein.

[0043]FIG. 15 depicts the results of a search which was performedagainst the ProDom database and which resulted in the identification ofa “3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain” in the human DHDR-3protein (SEQ ID NO:8).

[0044]FIG. 16 depicts the cDNA sequence and predicted amino acidsequence of human DHDR-4 (clone Fbh21686). The nucleotide sequencecorresponds to nucleic acids 1 to 1209 of SEQ ID NO:10. The amino acidsequence corresponds to amino acids 1 to 322 of SEQ ID NO: 11. Thecoding region without the 3′ untranslated region of the human DHDR-4gene is shown in SEQ ID NO: 12.

[0045]FIG. 17 depicts an alignment of the human DHDR-4 amino acidsequence with the amino acid sequences of Rattus norvegicus putativeshort-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (Accession Number AF099742) usingthe CLUSTAL W (1.74) multiple sequence alignment program.

[0046]FIG. 18 depicts a structural, hydrophobicity, and antigenicityanalysis of the human DHDR-4 protein.

[0047]FIG. 19 depicts the results of a signal peptide prediction and asearch which was performed against the MEMSAT database and whichresulted in the identification of a “signal peptide” and four“transmembrane domains” in the human DHDR-4 protein (SEQ ID NO:11).

[0048]FIG. 20 depicts the results of a search which was performedagainst the HMM database and which resulted in the identification of a“short chain dehydrogenase domain” and a “short chaindehydrogenase/reductase domain” in the human DHDR-4 protein.

[0049]FIG. 21 depicts the results of a search which was performedagainst the ProDom database and which resulted in the identification ofa “oxidoreductase protein dehydrogenase domain”, a “shikimate5-dehydrogenase domain”, a “dehydrogenase domain” and a“glucose-1-dehydrogenase domain” in the human DHDR-4 protein (SEQ IDNO:11).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0050] The present invention is based, at least in part, on thediscovery of novel molecules, referred to herein as “dehydrogenase” or“DHDR” nucleic acid and protein molecules, which are novel members of afamily of enzymes possessing dehydrogenase activity. These novelmolecules are capable of oxidizing or reducing biological molecules bycatalyzing the transfer of a hydride moiety and, thus, play a role in orfunction in a variety of cellular processes, e.g., proliferation,growth, differentiation, migration, immune responses, hormonalresponses, inter- or intra-cellular communication, and viral infection.

[0051] As used herein, the term “dehydrogenase” includes a moleculewhich is involved in the oxidation or reduction of a biochemicalmolecule (e.g., an amino acid, a vitamin, a steroid such as aglucocorticoid, or a nucleic acid), by catalyzing the transfer of ahydride ion to or from the biochemical molecule. Dehydrogenase moleculesare involved in the metabolism and catabolism of biochemical moleculesnecessary for energy production or storage, for intra- or inter-cellularsignaling, for metabolism or catabolism of metabolically importantbiomolecules, and for detoxification of potentially harmful compounds.Examples of dehydrogenases include alcohol dehydrogenases, aldehydedehydrogenases, steroid dehydrogenases, and lipid dehydrogenases. Thus,the DHDR molecules of the present invention provide novel diagnostictargets and therapeutic agents to control dehydrogenase-associateddisorders.

[0052] As used herein, a “dehydrogenase-associated disorder” includes adisorder, disease or condition which is caused or characterized by amisregulation (e.g., downregulation or upregulation) of dehydrogenaseactivity. Dehydrogenase-associated disorders can detrimentally affectcellular functions such as cellular proliferation, growth,differentiation, or migration, inter- or intra-cellular communication;tissue function, such as cardiac function or musculoskeletal function;systemic responses in an organism, such as nervous system responses,hormonal responses (e.g., insulin response), susceptibility topathogenic infections (e.g., viral infections), or immune responses; andprotection of cells from toxic compounds (e.g., carcinogens, toxins, ormutagens). Examples of dehydrogenase-associated disorders include CNSdisorders such as cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders, examples ofwhich include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, dementiasrelated to Alzheimer's disease (such as Pick's disease), Parkinson's andother Lewy diffuse body diseases, senile dementia, Huntington's disease,Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophiclateral sclerosis, progressive supranuclear palsy, epilepsy, andJakob-Creutzfieldt disease; autonomic function disorders such ashypertension and sleep disorders, and neuropsychiatric disorders, suchas depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, korsakoff'spsychosis, mania, anxiety disorders, or phobic disorders; learning ormemory disorders, e.g., amnesia or age-related memory loss, attentiondeficit disorder, dysthymic disorder, major depressive disorder, mania,obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychoactive substance use disorders,anxiety, phobias, panic disorder, as well as bipolar affective disorder,e.g., severe bipolar affective (mood) disorder (BP-1), and bipolaraffective neurological disorders, e.g., migraine and obesity. FurtherCNS-related disorders include, for example, those listed in the AmericanPsychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical manual of MentalDisorders (DSM), the most current version of which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

[0053] Further examples of dehydrogenase-associated disorders includecardiac-related disorders. Cardiovascular system disorders in which theDHDR molecules of the invention may be directly or indirectly involvedinclude arteriosclerosis, ischemia reperfusion injury, restenosis,arterial inflammation, vascular wall remodeling, ventricular remodeling,rapid ventricular pacing, coronary microembolism, tachycardia,bradycardia, pressure overload, aortic bending, coronary arteryligation, vascular heart disease, atrial fibrilation, Jervell syndrome,Lange-Nielsen syndrome, long-QT syndrome, congestive heart failure,sinus node dysfunction, angina, heart failure, hypertension, atrialfibrillation, atrial flutter, dilated cardiomyopathy, idiopathiccardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, coronaryartery spasm, and arrhythmia. DHDR-mediated or related disorders alsoinclude disorders of the musculoskeletal system such as paralysis andmuscle weakness, e.g., ataxia, myotonia, and myokymia.

[0054] Dehydrogenase-associated disorders also include cellularproliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration disorders. Cellularproliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration disorders includethose disorders that affect cell proliferation, growth, differentiation,or migration processes. As used herein, a “cellular proliferation,growth, differentiation, or migration process” is a process by which acell increases in number, size or content, by which a cell develops aspecialized set of characteristics which differ from that of othercells, or by which a cell moves closer to or further from a particularlocation or stimulus. The DHDR molecules of the present invention areinvolved in signal transduction mechanisms, which are known to beinvolved in cellular growth, differentiation, and migration processes.Thus, the DHDR molecules may modulate cellular growth, differentiation,or migration, and may play a role in disorders characterized byaberrantly regulated growth, differentiation, or migration. Suchdisorders include cancer, e.g., carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, andlymphomas; tumor angiogenesis and metastasis; skeletal dysplasia;hepatic disorders; and hematopoietic and/or myeloproliferativedisorders.

[0055] DHDR-associated or related disorders also include hormonaldisorders, such as conditions or diseases in which the production and/orregulation of hormones in an organism is aberrant. Examples of suchdisorders and diseases include type I and type II diabetes mellitus,pituitary disorders (e.g., growth disorders), thyroid disorders (e.g.,hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), and reproductive or fertilitydisorders (e.g, disorders which affect the organs of the reproductivesystem, e.g., the prostate gland, the uterus, or the vagina; disorderswhich involve an imbalance in the levels of a reproductive hormone in asubject; disorders affecting the ability of a subject to reproduce; anddisorders affecting secondary sex characteristic development, e.g.,adrenal hyperplasia).

[0056] DHDR-associated or related disorders also include immunedisorders, such as autoimmune disorders or immune deficiency disorders,e.g., allergies, transplant rejection, responses to pathogenic infection(e.g., bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection), lupus, multiplesclerosis, congenital X-linked infantile hypogammaglobulinemia,transient hypogammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency,selective IgA deficiency, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, or severecombined immunodeficiency.

[0057] DHDR-associated or related disorders also include viraldisorders, i.e., disorders affected or caused by infection by viruses(e.g., hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis delta, and otherhepadnaviruses; Coxsackie B viruses; Epstein-Barr virus; adenovirus;rhinoviruses; human immunodeficiency virus; vaccinia virus; human T cellleukemia virus; RD114 virus; herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and otherherpesviruses; Marek's disease virus; Yamaguchi sarcoma virus; humanpapillomaviruses; poliovirus; poxviruses; influenza virus;cytomegalovirus; encephalitis viruses; measles viruses; and ebola andother hemorrhagic viruses). Such disorders include, but are not limitedto, hepatocellularcarcinoma, cirrhosis of the liver, cervical carcinoma,Burkitt's lymphoma, lymphoproliferative disease, Kaposi's sarcoma, Tcell leukemia, B cell lymphoma, plasmablastic lymphoma, Rasmussen'ssyndrome, Marek's disease, warts (including common, genital, and plantarwarts), genital herpes, common colds, acquired immune deficiencysyndrome (AIDS), polymyositis, immunorestitution disease, chicken pox,shingles, ebola and other hemorrhagic fever diseases, cold sores,transient or acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, influenza, Reyesyndrome, measles, Paget's disease, viral encephalitis, viral pneumonia,and viral meningitis.

[0058] DHDR-associated or related disorders also include disordersaffecting tissues in which DHDR protein is expressed, e.g., liver,hepatocytes, hepatitis B-infected hepatocytes, HepG2 cells, hepatitisB-infected HepG2.2.15 cells, kidney, brain, primary osteoblasts,pituitary, CaCO cells, keratinocytes, aortic endothelial cells, fetalkidney, fetal lung, mammary epithelium, fetal spleen, fetal liver,umbilical smooth muscle, RAII Burkitt Lymphoma cells, lung, prostate,K53 red blood cells, fetal dorsal spinal cord, insulinoma cells, normalbreast and ovarian epithelia, retina, HMC-1 mast cells, ovarian ascites,d8 dendritic cells, megakaryocytes, human mobilized bone morrow, mammarycarcinoma, melanoma cells, lymph, vein, U937/A70p B cells, A549concells, WT LN Cap testosterone cells, and esophagus.

[0059] As used herein, a “dehydrogenase-mediated activity” includes anactivity which involves the oxidation or reduction of one or morebiochemical molecules, e.g., biochemical molecules (e.g.,glucocorticoids) in a neuronal cell, a muscle cell, or a liver cellassociated with the regulation of one or more cellular processes.Dehydrogenase-mediated activities include the oxidation or reduction ofbiochemical molecules necessary for energy production or storage, forintra- or inter-cellular signaling, for metabolism or catabolism ofmetabolically important biomolecules, for viral infection, and fordetoxification of potentially harmful compounds.

[0060] The term “family” when referring to the protein and nucleic acidmolecules of the invention is intended to mean two or more proteins ornucleic acid molecules having a common structural domain or motif andhaving sufficient amino acid or nucleotide sequence homology as definedherein. Such family members can be naturally or non-naturally occurringand can be from either the same or different species. For example, afamily can contain a first protein of human origin, as well as other,distinct proteins of human origin or alternatively, can containhomologues of non-human origin, e.g., monkey proteins. Members of afamily may also have common functional characteristics.

[0061] For example, the family of DHDR proteins comprises at least one“transmembrane domain”. As used herein, the term “transmembrane domain”includes an amino acid sequence of about 15 amino acid residues inlength which spans the plasma membrane. More preferably, a transmembranedomain includes about at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 amino acidresidues and spans the plasma membrane. Transmembrane domains are richin hydrophobic residues, and typically have an alpha-helical structure.In a preferred embodiment, at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or moreof the amino acids of a transmembrane domain are hydrophobic, e.g.,leucines, isoleucines, tyrosines, or tryptophans. Transmembrane domainsare described in, for example, Zagotta W. N. et al, (1996) Annual Rev.Neurosci. 19: 235-263, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference. Amino acid residues 159-175 of the native DHDR-1 protein arepredicted to comprise a transmembrane domain (see FIG. 3). Amino acidresidues 7-23 of the native DHDR-2 protein and residues 265-283 of themature DHDR-2 protein are predicted to comprise a transmembrane domain(see FIG. 8). Amino acid residues 10-26, 73-90, 289-305, and 312-333 ofthe native DHDR-3 protein are predicted to comprise transmembranedomains (see FIG. 13). Amino acid residues 29-50, 170-188, 108-224, and258-275 of the native DHDR-4 protein and residues 10-31, 151-169,189-205, and 239-256 of the mature DHDR-4 protein are predicted tocomprise transmembrane domains (see FIG. 19). Accordingly, DHDR proteinshaving at least 50-60% homology, preferably about 60-70%, morepreferably about 70-80%, or about 80-90% homology with a transmembranedomain of human DHDR are within the scope of the invention.

[0062] In another embodiment of the invention, a DHDR protein of thepresent invention is identified based on the presence of a signalpeptide. The prediction of such a signal peptide can be made, forexample, utilizing the computer algorithm SignalP (Henrik, et al. (1997)Protein Engineering 10:1-6). As used herein, a “signal sequence” or“signal peptide” includes a peptide containing about 15 or more aminoacids which occurs at the N-terminus of secretory and membrane boundproteins and which contains a large number of hydrophobic amino acidresidues. For example, a signal sequence contains at least about 10-30amino acid residues, preferably about 15-25 amino acid residues, morepreferably about 18-20 amino acid residues, and more preferably about 19amino acid residues, and has at least about 35-65%, preferably about38-50%, and more preferably about 40-45% hydrophobic amino acid residues(e.g., Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine or Phenylalanine). Such a “signalsequence”, also referred to in the art as a “signal peptide”, serves todirect a protein containing such a sequence to a lipid bilayer, and iscleaved in secreted and membrane bound proteins. A signal sequence wasidentified in the amino acid sequence of human DHDR-2 at about aminoacids 1-18 of SEQ ID NO:5. A signal sequence was also identified in theamino acid sequence of human DHDR-4 at about amino acids 1-19 of SEQ IDNO:11.

[0063] In another embodiment, a DHDR molecule of the present inventionis identified based on the presence of an “aldehyde dehydrogenase familydomain” in the protein or corresponding nucleic acid molecule. As usedherein, the term “aldehyde dehydrogenase family domain” includes aprotein domain having an amino acid sequence of about 350-550 amino acidresidues and a bit score of at least 149.8. Preferably, an aldehydedehydrogenase family domain includes at least about 400-500, or morepreferably about 448 amino acid residues, and a bit score of about 50,60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200,210, 220, 230, 240, or 250 or more. To identify the presence of analdehyde dehydrogenase family domain in a DHDR protein, and make thedetermination that a protein of interest has a particular profile, theamino acid sequence of the protein is searched against a database ofknown protein domains (e.g., the HMM database). The aldehydedehydrogenase family domain (HMM) has been assigned the PFAM AccessionPF00171 (http://genome.wustl.edu/Pfam/.html). A search was performedagainst the HMM database resulting in the identification of an aldehydedehydrogenase family domain in the amino acid sequence of human DHDR-1(SEQ ID NO: 2) at about residues 47-494 of SEQ ID NO: 2. The results ofthe search are set forth in FIG. 4.

[0064] In another embodiment, a DHDR molecule of the present inventionis identified based on the presence of an “aldehyde dehydrogenaseoxidoreductase domain” in the protein or corresponding nucleic acidmolecule. As used herein, the term “aldehyde dehydrogenaseoxidoreductase domain” includes a protein domain having an amino acidsequence of about 550-750 amino acid residues and having a bit score forthe alignment of the sequence to the aldehyde dehydrogenaseoxidoreductase domain of at least 280. Preferably, an aldehydedehydrogenase oxidoreductase domain includes at least about 600-700, ormore preferably about 670 amino acid residues, and has a bit score forthe alignment of the sequence to the aldehyde dehydrogenaseoxidoreductase domain of at least 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275,300, 325, 350, 375, 400 or higher. The aldehyde dehydrogenaseoxidoreductase domain has been assigned ProDom entry 135. To identifythe presence of an aldehyde dehydrogenase oxidoreductase domain in aDHDR protein, and to make the determination that a protein of interesthas a particular profile, the amino acid sequence of the protein issearched against a database of known protein domains (e.g., the ProDomdatabase) using the default parameters (available athttp://www.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html). A search was performed againstthe ProDom database resulting in the identification of an aldehydedehydrogenase oxidoreductase domain in the amino acid sequence of humanDHDR-1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) at about residues 101-770 of SEQ ID NO: 2. Theresults of the search are set forth in FIG. 5.

[0065] In another embodiment, a DHDR molecule of the present inventionis identified based on the presence of a “short chain dehydrogenasedomain” in the protein or corresponding nucleic acid molecule. As usedherein, the term “short chain dehydrogenase domain” includes a proteindomain having an amino acid sequence of about 100-300 amino acidresidues, and a bit score of at least 120.0-162.5. Preferably, a shortchain dehydrogenase domain includes at least about 150-250, or morepreferably about 187-195 amino acid residues, and has a bit score of atleast 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170,180, 190, 200, 210, 220, or more. To identify the presence of a shortchain dehydrogenase domain in a DHDR protein, and make the determinationthat a protein of interest has a particular profile, the amino acidsequence of the protein is searched against a database of known proteindomains (e.g., the HMM database). The short chain dehydrogenase domain(HMM) has been assigned the PFAM Accession PF00106(http://genome.wustl.edu/Pfam/html). A search was performed against theHMM database resulting in the identification of a short chaindehydrogenase domain in the amino acid sequence of human DHDR-2 (SEQ IDNO: 5) at about residues 38-227 of SEQ ID NO: 5. The results of thesearch are set forth in FIG. 9. A search was also performed against theHMM database resulting in the identification of a short chaindehydrogenase domain in the amino acid sequence of human DHDR-3 (SEQ IDNO:8) at about residues 10-197 of SEQ ID NO:8. The results of thissearch are set forth in FIG. 14. Another search performed against theHMM database resulted in the identification of a short chaindehydrogenase domain in the amino acid sequence of human DHDR-4 (SEQ IDNO:11) at about residues 38-226 of SEQ ID NO:11. The results of thissearch are set forth in FIG. 20.

[0066] In another embodiment, a DHDR molecule of the present inventionis identified based on the presence of an “oxidoreductase proteindehydrogenase domain” in the protein or corresponding nucleic acidmolecule. As used herein, the term “oxidoreductase protein dehydrogenasedomain” includes a protein domain having an amino acid sequence of about50-300 amino acid residues and having a bit score for the alignment ofthe sequence to the oxidoreductase protein dehydrogenase domain of atleast 113. Preferably, an oxidoreductase protein dehydrogenase domainincludes at least about 100-250, or more preferably about 120-200 aminoacid residues, and has a bit score for the alignment of the sequence tothe oxidoreductase protein dehydrogenase domain of at least 40, 50, 60,70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, or higher. Theoxidoreductase protein dehydrogenase domain has been assigned ProDomentry 11. To identify the presence of an oxidoreductase proteindehydrogenase domain in a DHDR protein, and to make the determinationthat a protein of interest has a particular profile, the amino acidsequence of the protein is searched against a database of known proteindomains (e.g., the ProDom database) using the default parameters(available at http://www.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html). A search wasperformed against the ProDom database resulting in the identification ofan oxidoreductase protein dehydrogenase domain in the amino acidsequence of human DHDR-2 (SEQ ID NO: 5) at about residues 99-219 of SEQID NO: 5. The results of the search are set forth in FIG. 10. Anothersearch was performed against the ProDom database, resulting in theidentification of an oxidoreductase protein dehydrogenase domain in theamino acid sequence of human DHDR-4 (SEQ ID NO:11) at about residues37-231 of SEQ ID NO:11. The results of this search are set forth in FIG.21.

[0067] In another embodiment, a DHDR molecule of the present inventionis identified based on the presence of an “NAD-dependentepimerase/dehydratase domain” in the protein or corresponding nucleicacid molecule. As used herein, the term “NAD-dependentepimerase/dehydratase domain” includes a protein domain having an aminoacid sequence of about 250-450 amino acid residues. Preferably, anNAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase domain includes at least about300-400, or more preferably about 354 amino acid residues. To identifythe presence of an NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase domain in a DHDRprotein, and to make the determination that a protein of interest has aparticular profile, the amino acid sequence of the protein is searchedagainst a database of known protein domains (e.g., the HMM database).The NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase domain (HMM) has been assignedthe PFAM Accession PF01370 (http://genome.wustl.edu/Pfam/html). A searchwas performed against the HMM database resulting in the identificationof an NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase domain in the amino acidsequence of human DHDR-3 (SEQ ID NO: 8) at about residues 12-365 of SEQID NO: 8. The results of the search are set forth in FIG. 14.

[0068] In another embodiment, a DHDR molecule of the present inventionis identified based on the presence of a “3-beta hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase domain” in the protein or corresponding nucleic acidmolecule. As used herein, the term “3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenasedomain” includes a protein domain having an amino acid sequence of about250-450 amino acid residues and having a bit score for the alignment ofthe sequence to the 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain of atleast 395-676.9. Preferably, a 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenasedomain includes at least about 300-400, or more preferably about 352-365amino acid residues, and has a bit score for the alignment of thesequence to the 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain of at least300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 525, 550, 575, 600, 625,650, 675, 700, 725, 750, 775, 800, 825 or higher. The 3-betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain has been assigned ProDom entry 1280.To identify the presence of a 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domainin a DHDR protein, and to make the determination that a protein ofinterest has a particular profile, the amino acid sequence of theprotein is searched against a database of known protein domains (e.g.,the ProDom database) using the default parameters (available athttp://www.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html). A search was performed againstthe ProDom database resulting in the identification of a 3-betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain in the amino acid sequence of humanDHDR-3 (SEQ ID NO: 8) at about residues 11-362 of SEQ ID NO: 8. Theresults of the search are set forth in FIG. 15. A search was alsoperformed against the HMM database resulting in the identification of a3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain (PFAM accession PF01073, seehttp://genome.wustl.edu/Pfam/html) in the amino acid sequence of humanDHDR-3 (SEQ ID NO: 8) at about residues 1-365 of SEQ ID NO:8. Theresults of the search are set forth in FIG. 14.

[0069] In another embodiment, a DHDR molecule of the present inventionis identified based on the presence of a “short-chaindehydrogenase/reductase domain” in the protein or corresponding nucleicacid molecule. As used herein, the term “short-chaindehydrogenase/reductase domain” includes a protein domain having anamino acid sequence of about 10-100 amino acid residues, and a bit scoreof at least 47.2. Preferably, a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductasedomain includes at least about 20-75, or more preferably about 31 aminoacid residues, and has a bit score of at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or more. To identifythe presence of a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase domain in a DHDRprotein, and to make the determination that a protein of interest has aparticular profile, the amino acid sequence of the protein is searchedagainst a database of known protein domains (e.g., the HMM database).The short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase domain (HMM) has been assignedthe PFAM Accession PF00678 (http://genome.wustl.edu/Pfam/html). A searchwas performed against the HMM database resulting in the identificationof a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase domain in the amino acidsequence of human DHDR-4 (SEQ ID NO: 11) at about residues 250-280 ofSEQ ID NO: 11. The results of the search are set forth in FIG. 20.

[0070] In another embodiment, a DHDR molecule of the present inventionis identified based on the presence of a “shikimate 5-dehydrogenasedomain” in the protein or corresponding nucleic acid molecule. As usedherein, the term “shikimate 5-dehydrogenase domain” includes a proteindomain having an amino acid sequence of about 10-100 amino acid residuesand having a bit score for the alignment of the sequence to theshikimate 5-dehydrogenase domain of at least 86. Preferably, a shikimate5-dehydrogenase domain includes at least about 25-75, or more preferablyabout 48 amino acid residues, and has a bit score for the alignment ofthe sequence to the shikimate 5-dehydrogenase domain of at least 20, 25,30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80 or higher. The shikimate5-dehydrogenase domain has been assigned ProDom entry 95301. To identifythe presence of a shikimate 5-dehydrogenase domain in a DHDR protein,and to make the determination that a protein of interest has aparticular profile, the amino acid sequence of the protein is searchedagainst a database of known protein domains (e.g., the ProDom database)using the default parameters (available athttp://www.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html). A search was performed againstthe ProDom database resulting in the identification of a shikimate5-dehydrogenase domain in the amino acid sequence of human DHDR-4 (SEQID NO: 11) at about residues 35-82 of SEQ ID NO: 11. The results of thesearch are set forth in FIG. 21.

[0071] In another embodiment, a DHDR molecule of the present inventionis identified based on the presence of a “dehydrogenase domain” in theprotein or corresponding nucleic acid molecule. As used herein, the term“dehydrogenase domain” includes a protein domain having an amino acidsequence of about 10-100 amino acid residues and having a bit score forthe alignment of the sequence to the dehydrogenase domain of at least84. Preferably, a dehydrogenase domain includes at least about 25-75, ormore preferably about 50 amino acid residues, and has a bit score forthe alignment of the sequence to the dehydrogenase domain of at least20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80 or higher. Thedehydrogenase domain has been assigned ProDom entry 73753. To identifythe presence of a dehydrogenase domain in a DHDR protein, and to makethe determination that a protein of interest has a particular profile,the amino acid sequence of the protein is searched against a database ofknown protein domains (e.g., the ProDom database) using the defaultparameters (available at http://www.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html). Asearch was performed against the ProDom database resulting in theidentification of a dehydrogenase domain in the amino acid sequence ofhuman DHDR-4 (SEQ ID NO: 11) at about residues 237-286 of SEQ ID NO: 11.The results of the search are set forth in FIG. 21.

[0072] In another embodiment, a DHDR molecule of the present inventionis identified based on the presence of a “glucose-1-dehydrogenasedomain” in the protein or corresponding nucleic acid molecule. As usedherein, the term “glucose-1-dehydrogenase domain” includes a proteindomain having an amino acid sequence of about 10-100 amino acid residuesand having a bit score for the alignment of the sequence to theglucose-1-dehydrogenase domain of at least 92. Preferably, adehydrogenase domain includes at least about 25-75, or more preferablyabout 45 amino acid residues, and has a bit score for the alignment ofthe sequence to the dehydrogenase domain of at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40,45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 or higher. Theglucose-1-dehydrogenase domain has been assigned ProDom entry 77223. Toidentify the presence of a glucose-1-dehydrogenase domain in a DHDRprotein, and to make the determination that a protein of interest has aparticular profile, the amino acid sequence of the protein is searchedagainst a database of known protein domains (e.g., the ProDom database)using the default parameters (available athttp://www.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html). A search was performed againstthe ProDom database resulting in the identification of a dehydrogenasedomain in the amino acid sequence of human DHDR-4 (SEQ ID NO: 11) atabout residues 243-287 of SEQ ID NO: 11. The results of the search areset forth in FIG. 21.

[0073] In a preferred embodiment, the DHDR molecules of the inventioninclude at least one or more of the following domains: a transmembranedomain, a signal peptide domain, an aldehyde dehydrogenaseoxidoreductase domain, an aldehyde dehydrogenase family domain, a shortchain dehydrogenase domain, an oxidoreductase protein dehydrogenasedomain, a 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain, a NAD-dependentepimerase/dehydratase domain, a short chain dehydrogenase/reductasedomain, a shikimate 5-dehydrogenase domain, a dehydrogenase domain, anda glucose-1-dehydrogenase domain.

[0074] Isolated proteins of the present invention, preferably DHDRproteins, have an amino acid sequence sufficiently identical to theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11, or are encoded by anucleotide sequence sufficiently identical to SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7,9, 10, or 12. As used herein, the term “sufficiently identical” refersto a first amino acid or nucleotide sequence which contains a sufficientor minimum number of identical or equivalent (e.g., an amino acidresidue which has a similar side chain) amino acid residues ornucleotides to a second amino acid or nucleotide sequence such that thefirst and second amino acid or nucleotide sequences share commonstructural domains or motifs and/or a common functional activity. Forexample, amino acid or nucleotide sequences which share commonstructural domains have at least 30%, 40%, or 50% homology, preferably60% homology, more preferably 70%-80%, and even more preferably 90-95%homology across the amino acid sequences of the domains and contain atleast one and preferably two structural domains or motifs, are definedherein as sufficiently identical. Furthermore, amino acid or nucleotidesequences which share at least 30%, 40%, or 50%, preferably 60%, morepreferably 70-80%, or 90-95% homology and share a common functionalactivity are defined herein as sufficiently identical.

[0075] As used interchangeably herein, an “DHDR activity”, “biologicalactivity of DHDR” or “functional activity of DHDR”, refers to anactivity exerted by a DHDR protein, polypeptide or nucleic acid moleculeon a DHDR responsive cell or tissue, or on a DHDR protein substrate, asdetermined in vivo, or in vitro, according to standard techniques. Inone embodiment, a DHDR activity is a direct activity, such as anassociation with a DHDR-target molecule. As used herein, a “targetmolecule” or “binding partner” is a molecule with which a DHDR proteinbinds or interacts in nature, such that DHDR-mediated function isachieved. A DHDR target molecule can be a non-DHDR molecule or a DHDRprotein or polypeptide of the present invention (e.g., NAD+, NADP+, orother cofactor). In an exemplary embodiment, a DHDR target molecule is aDHDR ligand (e.g., an alcohol, an aldehyde, a lipid, or a steroid (e.g.,a glucocorticoid)). Alternatively, a DHDR activity is an indirectactivity, such as a cellular signaling activity mediated by interactionof the DHDR protein with a DHDR ligand. The biological activities ofDHDR are described herein. For example, the DHDR proteins of the presentinvention can have one or more of the following activities: 1) modulatemetabolism and catabolism of biochemical molecules necessary for energyproduction or storage, 2) modulate intra- or inter-cellular signaling,3) modulate metabolism or catabolism of metabolically importantbiomolecules (e.g., glucocorticoids), 4) modulate detoxification ofpotentially harmful compounds, 5) modulate viral infection (e.g., bymodulating viral gene expression), and 6) act as a transcriptionalcofactor for viral gene activation.

[0076] Accordingly, another embodiment of the invention featuresisolated DHDR proteins and polypeptides having a DHDR activity. Otherpreferred proteins are DHDR proteins having one or more of the followingdomains: a transmembrane domain, a signal peptide domain, an aldehydedehydrogenase oxidoreductase domain, an aldehyde dehydrogenase familydomain, a short chain dehydrogenase domain, an oxidoreductase proteindehydrogenase domain, a 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain, aNAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase domain, a short chaindehydrogenase/reductase domain, a shikimate 5-dehydrogenase domain, adehydrogenase domain, or a glucose-1-dehydrogenase domain and,preferably, a DHDR activity.

[0077] Additional preferred proteins have at least one transmembranedomain, and one or more of a signal peptide domain, an aldehydedehydrogenase oxidoreductase domain, an aldehyde dehydrogenase familydomain, a short chain dehydrogenase domain, an oxidoreductase proteindehydrogenase domain, a 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain, aNAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase domain, a short chaindehydrogenase/reductase domain, a shikimate 5-dehydrogenase domain, adehydrogenase domain, or a glucose-1-dehydrogenase domain., and are,preferably, encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotidesequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to anucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1,3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12.

[0078] The nucleotide sequence of the isolated human DHDR-1 cDNA and thepredicted amino acid sequence of the human DHDR-1 polypeptide are shownin FIG. 1 and in SEQ ID NOs:1 and 2, respectively. The nucleotidesequence of the isolated human DHDR-2 cDNA and the predicted amino acidsequence of the human DHDR-2 polypeptide are shown in FIG. 6 and in SEQID NOs: 4 and 5, respectively. The nucleotide sequence of the isolatedhuman DHDR-3 cDNA and the predicted amino acid sequence of the humanDHDR-3 polypeptide are shown in FIG. 11 and in SEQ ID NOs:7 and 8,respectively. The nucleotide sequence of the isolated human DHDR-4 cDNAand the predicted amino acid sequence of the human DHDR-4 polypeptideare shown in FIG. 16 and in SEQ ID NOs:10 and 11, respectively. Plasmidscontaining the nucleotide sequence encoding human DHDR-1, DHDR-2,DHDR-3, and DHDR-4 were deposited with the American Type CultureCollection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209,on ______ and assigned Accession Numbers ______. These deposits will bemaintained under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the InternationalRecognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of PatentProcedure. These deposits were made merely as a convenience for those ofskill in the art and are not an admission that deposits are requiredunder 35 U.S.C. §112.

[0079] The human DHDR-1 gene, which is approximately 2660 nucleotides inlength, encodes a protein having a molecular weight of approximately88.0 kD and which is approximately 802 amino acid residues in length.The human DHDR-2 gene, which is approximately 1379 nucleotides inlength, encodes a protein having a molecular weight of approximately34.2 kD and which is approximately 311 amino acid residues in length.The human DHDR-3 gene, which is approximately 1725 nucleotides inlength, encodes a protein having a molecular weight of approximately40.5 kD and which is approximately 369 amino acid residues in length.The human DHDR-4 gene, which is approximately 1209 nucleotides inlength, encodes a protein having a molecular weight of approximately35.4 kD and which is approximately 322 amino acid residues in length.

[0080] Various aspects of the invention are described in further detailin the following subsections:

[0081] I. Isolated Nucleic Acid Molecules

[0082] One aspect of the invention pertains to isolated nucleic acidmolecules that encode DHDR proteins or biologically active portionsthereof, as well as nucleic acid fragments sufficient for use ashybridization probes to identify DHDR-encoding nucleic acid molecules(e.g., DHDR mRNA) and fragments for use as PCR primers for theamplification or mutation of DHDR nucleic acid molecules. As usedherein, the term “nucleic acid molecule” is intended to include DNAmolecules (e.g., cDNA or genomic DNA) and RNA molecules (e.g., mRNA) andanalogs of the DNA or RNA generated using nucleotide analogs. Thenucleic acid molecule can be single-stranded or double-stranded, butpreferably is double-stranded DNA.

[0083] The term “isolated nucleic acid molecule” includes nucleic acidmolecules which are separated from other nucleic acid molecules whichare present in the natural source of the nucleic acid. For example, withregards to genomic DNA, the term “isolated” includes nucleic acidmolecules which are separated from the chromosome with which the genomicDNA is naturally associated. Preferably, an “isolated” nucleic acid isfree of sequences which naturally flank the nucleic acid (i.e.,sequences located at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the nucleic acid) in thegenomic DNA of the organism from which the nucleic acid is derived. Forexample, in various embodiments, the isolated DHDR nucleic acid moleculecan contain less than about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb or 0.1kb of nucleotide sequences which naturally flank the nucleic acidmolecule in genomic DNA of the cell from which the nucleic acid isderived. Moreover, an “isolated” nucleic acid molecule, such as a cDNAmolecule, can be substantially free of other cellular material, orculture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantiallyfree of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemicallysynthesized.

[0084] A nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, e.g., a nucleicacid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7,9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of theplasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______, or a portionthereof, can be isolated using standard molecular biology techniques andthe sequence information provided herein. Using all or portion of thenucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or thenucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of the plasmid deposited with ATCCas Accession Number ______ as a hybridization probe, DHDR nucleic acidmolecules can be isolated using standard hybridization and cloningtechniques (e.g., as described in Sambrook, J., Fritsh, E. F., andManiatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ColdSpring Harbor, N.Y., 1989).

[0085] Moreover, a nucleic acid molecule encompassing all or a portionof SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence ofthe DNA insert of the plasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number______ can be isolated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) usingsynthetic oligonucleotide primers designed based upon the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of theDNA insert of the plasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number______.

[0086] A nucleic acid of the invention can be amplified using cDNA, mRNAor, alternatively, genomic DNA as a template and appropriateoligonucleotide primers according to standard PCR amplificationtechniques. The nucleic acid so amplified can be cloned into anappropriate vector and characterized by DNA sequence analysis.Furthermore, oligonucleotides corresponding to DHDR nucleotide sequencescan be prepared by standard synthetic techniques, e.g., using anautomated DNA synthesizer.

[0087] In a preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule ofthe invention comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1, 3,4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12. This cDNA may comprise sequences encoding thehuman DHDR-1 protein (i.e., “the coding region”, from nucleotides63-2471), as well as 5′ untranslated sequences (nucleotides 1-62) and 3′untranslated sequences (nucleotides 2472-2660) of SEQ ID NO:1. This cDNAmay comprise sequences encoding the human DHDR-2 protein (i.e., “thecoding region”, from nucleotides 331-1266), as well as 5′ untranslatedsequences (nucleotides 1-330) and 3′ untranslated sequences (nucleotides1267-1379) of SEQ ID NO:4. This cDNA may comprise sequences encoding thehuman DHDR-3 protein (i.e., “the coding region”, from nucleotides281-1390), as well as 5′ untranslated sequences (nucleotides 1-280) and3′ untranslated sequences (nucleotides 1391-1725) of SEQ ID NO:7. ThiscDNA may comprise sequences encoding the human DHDR-4 protein (i.e.,“the coding region”, from nucleotides 61-1029), as well as 5′untranslated sequences (nucleotides 1-60) and 3′ untranslated sequences(nucleotides 1030-1209) of SEQ ID NO:10. Alternatively, the nucleic acidmolecule can comprise only the coding region of SEQ ID NO:1 (e.g.nucleotides 63-2471, corresponding to SEQ ID NO:3), only the codingregion of SEQ ID NO:4 (e.g., nucleotides 331-1266, corresponding to SEQID NO:6), only the coding region of SEQ ID NO:7 (e.g., nucleotides281-1390, corresponding to SEQ ID NO:9), or only the coding region ofSEQ ID NO:10 (e.g., nucleotides 61-1029, corresponding to SEQ ID NO:12).

[0088] In another preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acidmolecule of the invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule which is acomplement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7,9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of theplasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______, or a portion ofany of these nucleotide sequences. A nucleic acid molecule which iscomplementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6,7, 9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of theplasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______, is one which issufficiently complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ IDNO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of the DNAinsert of the plasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______such that it can hybridize to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ IDNO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of the DNAinsert of the plasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______,respectively, thereby forming a stable duplex.

[0089] In still another preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acidmolecule of the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence whichis at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to the entire length of the nucleotidesequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or the entirelength of the nucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of the plasmiddeposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______, or a portion of any ofthese nucleotide sequences.

[0090] Moreover, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention can compriseonly a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7,9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of theplasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______, for example, afragment which can be used as a probe or primer or a fragment encoding aportion of a DHDR protein, e.g, a biologically active portion of a DHDRprotein. The nucleotide sequences determined from the cloning of theDHDR-1, DHDR-2, DHDR-3, and DHDR-4 genes allow for the generation ofprobes and primers designed for use in identifying and/or cloning otherDHDR family members, as well as DHDR homologues from other species. Theprobe/primer typically comprises substantially purified oligonucleotide.The oligonucleotide typically comprises a region of nucleotide sequencethat hybridizes under stringent conditions to at least about 12 or 15,preferably about 20 or 25, more preferably about 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55,60, 65, or 75 consecutive nucleotides of a sense sequence of SEQ IDNO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of the DNAinsert of the plasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______ ofan antisense sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or thenucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of the plasmid deposited with ATCCas Accession Number ______ or of a naturally occurring allelic variantor mutant of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotidesequence of the DNA insert of the plasmid deposited with ATCC asAccession Number ______. In one embodiment, a nucleic acid molecule ofthe present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence which is greaterthan 50-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300, 300-350, 350-400,400-450, 450-500, 500-550, 550-600, 600-650, 650-700, 700-750, 750-800,800-850, 850-900, 900-950, 950-1000 or more nucleotides in length andhybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to a nucleic acidmolecule of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotidesequence of the DNA insert of the plasmid deposited with ATCC asAccession Number ______.

[0091] Probes based on the DHDR nucleotide sequences can be used todetect transcripts or genomic sequences encoding the same or homologousproteins. In preferred embodiments, the probe further comprises a labelgroup attached thereto, e.g., the label group can be a radioisotope, afluorescent compound, an enzyme, or an enzyme co-factor. Such probes canbe used as a part of a diagnostic test kit for identifying cells ortissue which misexpress a DHDR protein, such as by measuring a level ofa DHDR-encoding nucleic acid in a sample of cells from a subject e.g.,detecting DHDR mRNA levels or determining whether a genomic DHDR genehas been mutated or deleted.

[0092] A nucleic acid fragment encoding a “biologically active portionof a DHDR protein” can be prepared by isolating a portion of thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or thenucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of the plasmid deposited with ATCCas Accession Number ______ which encodes a polypeptide having a DHDRbiological activity (the biological activities of the DHDR proteins aredescribed herein), expressing the encoded portion of the DHDR protein(e.g., by recombinant expression in vitro) and assessing the activity ofthe encoded portion of the DHDR protein.

[0093] The invention further encompasses nucleic acid molecules thatdiffer from the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9,10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of the plasmiddeposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______ due to degeneracy of thegenetic code and thus encode the same DHDR proteins as those encoded bythe nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12,or the nucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of the plasmid depositedwith ATCC as Accession Number ______. In another embodiment, an isolatednucleic acid molecule of the invention has a nucleotide sequenceencoding a protein having an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2,5, 8, or 11.

[0094] In addition to the DHDR nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ IDNO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of the DNAinsert of the plasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______, itwill be appreciated by those skilled in the art that DNA sequencepolymorphisms that lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of theDHDR proteins may exist within a population (e.g., the humanpopulation). Such genetic polymorphism in the DHDR genes may exist amongindividuals within a population due to natural allelic variation. Asused herein, the terms “gene” and “recombinant gene” refer to nucleicacid molecules which include an open reading frame encoding a DHDRprotein, preferably a mammalian DHDR protein, and can further includenon-coding regulatory sequences, and introns.

[0095] Allelic variants of human DHDR include both functional andnon-functional DHDR proteins. Functional allelic variants are naturallyoccurring amino acid sequence variants of the human DHDR protein thatmaintain the ability to bind a DHDR ligand or substrate and/or modulatecell proliferation and/or migration mechanisms. Functional allelicvariants will typically contain only conservative substitution of one ormore amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11, or substitution, deletionor insertion of non-critical residues in non-critical regions of theprotein.

[0096] Non-functional allelic variants are naturally occurring aminoacid sequence variants of the human DHDR protein that do not have theability to either bind a DHDR ligand and/or modulate any of the DHDRactivities described herein. Non-functional allelic variants willtypically contain a non-conservative substitution, a deletion, orinsertion or premature truncation of the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:2, 5, 8, or 11, or a substitution, insertion or deletion in criticalresidues or critical regions of the protein.

[0097] The present invention further provides non-human orthologues ofthe human DHDR protein. Orthologues of the human DHDR protein areproteins that are isolated from non-human organisms and possess the sameDHDR ligand binding and/or modulation of membrane excitabilityactivities of the human DHDR protein. Orthologues of the human DHDRprotein can readily be identified as comprising an amino acid sequencethat is substantially identical to SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11.

[0098] Moreover, nucleic acid molecules encoding other DHDR familymembers and, thus, which have a nucleotide sequence which differs fromthe DHDR sequences of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or thenucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of the plasmid deposited with ATCCas Accession Number ______ are intended to be within the scope of theinvention. For example, another DHDR cDNA can be identified based on thenucleotide sequence of human DHDR. Moreover, nucleic acid moleculesencoding DHDR proteins from different species, and which, thus, have anucleotide sequence which differs from the DHDR sequences of SEQ IDNO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of the DNAinsert of the plasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______ areintended to be within the scope of the invention. For example, a mouseDHDR cDNA can be identified based on the nucleotide sequence of a humanDHDR.

[0099] Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic variantsand homologues of the DHDR cDNAs of the invention can be isolated basedon their homology to the DHDR nucleic acids disclosed herein using thecDNAs disclosed herein, or a portion thereof, as a hybridization probeaccording to standard hybridization techniques under stringenthybridization conditions. Nucleic acid molecules corresponding tonatural allelic variants and homologues of the DHDR cDNAs of theinvention can further be isolated by mapping to the same chromosome orlocus as the DHDR gene.

[0100] Accordingly, in another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acidmolecule of the invention is at least 15, 20, 25, 30 or more nucleotidesin length and hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acidmolecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7,9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of theplasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______. In otherembodiment, the nucleic acid is at least 50-100, 100-150, 150-200,200-250, 250-300, 300-350, 350-400, 400-450, 450-500, 500-550, 550-600,600-650, 650-700, 700-750, 750-800, 800-850, 850-900, 900-950, 950-1000or more nucleotides in length. As used herein, the term “hybridizesunder stringent conditions” is intended to describe conditions forhybridization and washing under which nucleotide sequences at least 60%identical to each other typically remain hybridized to each other.Preferably, the conditions are such that sequences at least about 70%,more preferably at least about 80%, even more preferably at least about85% or 90% identical to each other typically remain hybridized to eachother. Such stringent conditions are known to those skilled in the artand can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley &Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. A preferred, non-limiting example ofstringent hybridization conditions are hybridization in 6× sodiumchloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C., followed by one or morewashes in 0.2× SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C., preferably at 55° C., morepreferably at 60° C., and even more preferably at 65° C. Rangesintermediate to the above-recited values, e.g., at 60-65° C. or at55-60° C. are also intended to be encompassed by the present invention.Preferably, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention thathybridizes under stringent conditions to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 3,4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, and corresponds to a naturally-occurring nucleicacid molecule. As used herein, a “naturally-occurring” nucleic acidmolecule refers to an RNA or DNA molecule having a nucleotide sequencethat occurs in nature (e.g., encodes a natural protein).

[0101] In addition to naturally-occurring allelic variants of the DHDRsequences that may exist in the population, the skilled artisan willfurther appreciate that changes can be introduced by mutation into thenucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or thenucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of the plasmid deposited with ATCCas Accession Number ______, thereby leading to changes in the amino acidsequence of the encoded DHDR proteins, without altering the functionalability of the DHDR proteins. For example, nucleotide substitutionsleading to amino acid substitutions at “non-essential” amino acidresidues can be made in the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10,or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of the plasmiddeposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______. A “non-essential” aminoacid residue is a residue that can be altered from the wild-typesequence of DHDR (e.g., the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11)without altering the biological activity, whereas an “essential” aminoacid residue is required for biological activity. For example, aminoacid residues that are conserved among the DHDR proteins of the presentinvention, e.g., those present in a transmembrane domain, are predictedto be particularly unamenable to alteration. Furthermore, additionalamino acid residues that are conserved between the DHDR proteins of thepresent invention and other members of the DHDR family are not likely tobe amenable to alteration.

[0102] Accordingly, another aspect of the invention pertains to nucleicacid molecules encoding DHDR proteins that contain changes in amino acidresidues that are not essential for activity. Such DHDR proteins differin amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11, yet retainbiological activity. In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acidmolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein, wherein theprotein comprises an amino acid sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%,65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identicalto SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11.

[0103] An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a DHDR proteinidentical to the protein of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11 can be created byintroducing one or more nucleotide substitutions, additions or deletionsinto the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12,or the nucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of the plasmid depositedwith ATCC as Accession Number ______ such that one or more amino acidsubstitutions, additions or deletions are introduced into the encodedprotein. Mutations can be introduced into SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9,10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of the plasmiddeposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______ by standard techniques,such as site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis.Preferably, conservative amino acid substitutions are made at one ormore predicted non-essential amino acid residues. A “conservative aminoacid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replacedwith an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families ofamino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in theart. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g.,lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid,glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine,glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains(e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine,methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine,valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine,phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Thus, a predicted nonessentialamino acid residue in a DHDR protein is preferably replaced with anotheramino acid residue from the same side chain family. Alternatively, inanother embodiment, mutations can be introduced randomly along all orpart of a DHDR coding sequence, such as by saturation mutagenesis, andthe resultant mutants can be screened for DHDR biological activity toidentify mutants that retain activity. Following mutagenesis of SEQ IDNO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of the DNAinsert of the plasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______,the encoded protein can be expressed recombinantly and the activity ofthe protein can be determined.

[0104] In a preferred embodiment, a mutant DHDR protein can be assayedfor the ability to metabolize or catabolize biochemical moleculesnecessary for energy production or storage, permit intra- orinter-cellular signaling, metabolize or catabolize metabolicallyimportant biomolecules, and to detoxify potentially harmful compounds.

[0105] In addition to the nucleic acid molecules encoding DHDR proteinsdescribed above, another aspect of the invention pertains to isolatednucleic acid molecules which are antisense thereto. An “antisense”nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to a“sense” nucleic acid encoding a protein, e.g., complementary to thecoding strand of a double-stranded cDNA molecule or complementary to anmRNA sequence. Accordingly, an antisense nucleic acid can hydrogen bondto a sense nucleic acid. The antisense nucleic acid can be complementaryto an entire DHDR coding strand, or to only a portion thereof. In oneembodiment, an antisense nucleic acid molecule is antisense to a “codingregion” of the coding strand of a nucleotide sequence encoding a DHDR.The term “coding region” refers to the region of the nucleotide sequencecomprising codons which are translated into amino acid residues (e.g.,the coding region of human DHDR corresponds to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6,SEQ ID NO:9 or SEQ ID NO:12). In another embodiment, the antisensenucleic acid molecule is antisense to a “noncoding region” of the codingstrand of a nucleotide sequence encoding DHDR. The term “noncodingregion” refers to 5′ and 3′ sequences which flank the coding region thatare not translated into amino acids (i.e., also referred to as 5′ and 3′untranslated regions).

[0106] Given the coding strand sequences encoding DHDR disclosed herein(e.g., SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:9 or SEQ ID NO:12), antisensenucleic acids of the invention can be designed according to the rules ofWatson and Crick base pairing. The antisense nucleic acid molecule canbe complementary to the entire coding region of DHDR mRNA, but morepreferably is an oligonucleotide which is antisense to only a portion ofthe coding or noncoding region of DHDR mRNA. For example, the antisenseoligonucleotide can be complementary to the region surrounding thetranslation start site of DHDR mRNA. An antisense oligonucleotide canbe, for example, about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50nucleotides in length. An antisense nucleic acid of the invention can beconstructed using chemical synthesis and enzymatic ligation reactionsusing procedures known in the art. For example, an antisense nucleicacid (e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide) can be chemically synthesizedusing naturally occurring nucleotides or variously modified nucleotidesdesigned to increase the biological stability of the molecules or toincrease the physical stability of the duplex formed between theantisense and sense nucleic acids, e.g., phosphorothioate derivativesand acridine substituted nucleotides can be used. Examples of modifiednucleotides which can be used to generate the antisense nucleic acidinclude 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil,hypoxanthine, xantine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl)uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine,5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil,beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine,1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine,2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine,7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil,5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine,5′-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil,2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v),wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine,5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil,uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v),5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, (acp3)w,and 2,6-diaminopurine. Alternatively, the antisense nucleic acid can beproduced biologically using an expression vector into which a nucleicacid has been subcloned in an antisense orientation (i.e., RNAtranscribed from the inserted nucleic acid will be of an antisenseorientation to a target nucleic acid of interest, described further inthe following subsection).

[0107] The antisense nucleic acid molecules of the invention aretypically administered to a subject or generated in situ such that theyhybridize with or bind to cellular mRNA and/or genomic DNA encoding aDHDR protein to thereby inhibit expression of the protein, e.g., byinhibiting transcription and/or translation. The hybridization can be byconventional nucleotide complementarity to form a stable duplex, or, forexample, in the case of an antisense nucleic acid molecule which bindsto DNA duplexes, through specific interactions in the major groove ofthe double helix. An example of a route of administration of antisensenucleic acid molecules of the invention include direct injection at atissue site. Alternatively, antisense nucleic acid molecules can bemodified to target selected cells and then administered systemically.For example, for systemic administration, antisense molecules can bemodified such that they specifically bind to receptors or antigensexpressed on a selected cell surface, e.g., by linking the antisensenucleic acid molecules to peptides or antibodies which bind to cellsurface receptors or antigens. The antisense nucleic acid molecules canalso be delivered to cells using the vectors described herein. Toachieve sufficient intracellular concentrations of the antisensemolecules, vector constructs in which the antisense nucleic acidmolecule is placed under the control of a strong pol II or pol IIIpromoter are preferred.

[0108] In yet another embodiment, the antisense nucleic acid molecule ofthe invention is an α-anomeric nucleic acid molecule. An α-anomericnucleic acid molecule forms specific double-stranded hybrids withcomplementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual β-units, the strandsrun parallel to each other (Gaultier et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids. Res.15:6625-6641). The antisense nucleic acid molecule can also comprise a2′-o-methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res.15:6131-6148) or a chimeric RNA-DNA analogue (Inoue et al. (1987) FEBSLett. 215:327-330).

[0109] In still another embodiment, an antisense nucleic acid of theinvention is a ribozyme. Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules withribonuclease activity which are capable of cleaving a single-strandednucleic acid, such as an mRNA, to which they have a complementaryregion. Thus, ribozymes (e.g., hammerhead ribozymes (described inHaselhoff and Gerlach (1988) Nature 334:585-591)) can be used tocatalytically cleave DHDR mRNA transcripts to thereby inhibittranslation of DHDR mRNA. A ribozyme having specificity for aDHDR-encoding nucleic acid can be designed based upon the nucleotidesequence of a DHDR cDNA disclosed herein (i.e., SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7,9, 10, or 12, or the nucleotide sequence of the DNA insert of theplasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number ______). For example, aderivative of a Tetrahymena L-19 IVS RNA can be constructed in which thenucleotide sequence of the active site is complementary to thenucleotide sequence to be cleaved in a DHDR-encoding mRNA. See, e.g.,Cech et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071; and Cech et al. U.S. Pat. No.5,116,742. Alternatively, DHDR mRNA can be used to select a catalyticRNA having a specific ribonuclease activity from a pool of RNAmolecules. See, e.g., Bartel, D. and Szostak, J. W. (1993) Science261:1411-1418.

[0110] Alternatively, DHDR gene expression can be inhibited by targetingnucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory region of the DHDR(e.g., the DHDR promoter and/or enhancers; e.g., nucleotides 1-62 of SEQID NO:1, nucleotides 1-330 of SEQ ID NO: 4, nucleotides 1-280 of SEQ IDNO:7, or nucleotides 1-60 of SEQ ID NO:10) to form triple helicalstructures that prevent transcription of the DHDR gene in target cells.See generally, Helene, C. (1991) Anticancer Drug Des. 6(6): 569-84;Helene, C. et al. (1992) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660:27-36; and Maher, L.J. (1992) Bioassays 14(12):807-15.

[0111] In yet another embodiment, the DHDR nucleic acid molecules of thepresent invention can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety orphosphate backbone to improve, e.g., the stability, hybridization, orsolubility of the molecule. For example, the deoxyribose phosphatebackbone of the nucleic acid molecules can be modified to generatepeptide nucleic acids (see Hyrup B. et al. (1996) Bioorganic & MedicinalChemistry 4 (1): 5-23). As used herein, the terms “peptide nucleicacids” or “PNAs” refer to nucleic acid mimics, e.g., DNA mimics, inwhich the deoxyribose phosphate backbone is replaced by a pseudopeptidebackbone and only the four natural nucleobases are retained. The neutralbackbone of PNAs has been shown to allow for specific hybridization toDNA and RNA under conditions of low ionic strength. The synthesis of PNAoligomers can be performed using standard solid phase peptide synthesisprotocols as described in Hyrup B. et al. (1996) supra; Perry-O'Keefe etal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93: 14670-675.

[0112] PNAs of DHDR nucleic acid molecules can be used in therapeuticand diagnostic applications. For example, PNAs can be used as antisenseor antigene agents for sequence-specific modulation of gene expressionby, for example, inducing transcription or translation arrest orinhibiting replication. PNAs of DHDR nucleic acid molecules can also beused in the analysis of single base pair mutations in a gene, (e.g., byPNA-directed PCR clamping); as ‘artificial restriction enzymes’ whenused in combination with other enzymes, (e.g., S1 nucleases (Hyrup B.(1996) supra)); or as probes or primers for DNA sequencing orhybridization (Hyrup B. et al. (1996) supra; Perry-O'Keefe supra).

[0113] In another embodiment, PNAs of DHDR can be modified, (e.g., toenhance their stability or cellular uptake), by attaching lipophilic orother helper groups to PNA, by the formation of PNA-DNA chimeras, or bythe use of liposomes or other techniques of drug delivery known in theart. For example, PNA-DNA chimeras of DHDR nucleic acid molecules can begenerated which may combine the advantageous properties of PNA and DNA.Such chimeras allow DNA recognition enzymes, (e.g., RNAse H and DNApolymerases), to interact with the DNA portion while the PNA portionwould provide high binding affinity and specificity. PNA-DNA chimerascan be linked using linkers of appropriate lengths selected in terms ofbase stacking, number of bonds between the nucleobases, and orientation(Hyrup B. (1996) supra). The synthesis of PNA-DNA chimeras can beperformed as described in Hyrup B. (1996) supra and Finn P. J. et al.(1996) Nucleic Acids Res. 24 (17): 3357-63. For example, a DNA chain canbe synthesized on a solid support using standard phosphoramiditecoupling chemistry and modified nucleoside analogs, e.g.,5′-(4-methoxytrityl)amino-5′-deoxy-thymidine phosphoramidite, can beused as a between the PNA and the 5′ end of DNA (Mag, M. et al. (1989)Nucleic Acid Res. 17: 5973-88). PNA monomers are then coupled in astepwise manner to produce a chimeric molecule with a 5′ PNA segment anda 3′ DNA segment (Finn P. J. et al. (1996) supra). Alternatively,chimeric molecules can be synthesized with a 5′ DNA segment and a 3′ PNAsegment (Peterser, K. H. et al. (1975) Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett. 5:1119-11124).

[0114] In other embodiments, the oligonucleotide may include otherappended groups such as peptides (e.g., for targeting host cellreceptors in vivo), or agents facilitating transport across the cellmembrane (see, e.g., Letsinger et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA86:6553-6556; Lemaitre et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA84:648-652; PCT Publication No. W088/09810) or the blood-brain barrier(see, e.g, PCT Publication No. W089/10134). In addition,oligonucleotides can be modified with hybridization-triggered cleavageagents (See, e.g., Krol et al. (1988) Bio-Techniques 6:958-976) orintercalating agents. (See, e.g., Zon (1988) Pharm. Res. 5:539-549). Tothis end, the oligonucleotide may be conjugated to another molecule,(e.g., a peptide, hybridization triggered cross-linking agent, transportagent, or hybridization-triggered cleavage agent).

[0115] Alternatively, the expression characteristics of an endogenousDHDR gene within a cell line or microorganism may be modified byinserting a heterologous DNA regulatory element into the genome of astable cell line or cloned microorganism such that the insertedregulatory element is operatively linked with the endogenous DHDR gene.For example, an endogenous DHDR gene which is normally“transcriptionally silent”, i.e., a DHDR gene which is normally notexpressed, or is expressed only at very low levels in a cell line ormicroorganism, may be activated by inserting a regulatory element whichis capable of promoting the expression of a normally expressed geneproduct in that cell line or microorganism. Alternatively, atranscriptionally silent, endogenous DHDR gene may be activated byinsertion of a promiscuous regulatory element that works across celltypes.

[0116] A heterologous regulatory element may be inserted into a stablecell line or cloned microorganism, such that it is operatively linkedwith an endogenous DHDR gene, using techniques, such as targetedhomologous recombination, which are well known to those of skill in theart, and described, e.g., in Chappel, U.S. Pat. No. 5,272,071; PCTpublication No. WO 91/06667, published May 16, 1991.

[0117] II. Isolated DHDR Proteins and Anti-DHDR Antibodies

[0118] One aspect of the invention pertains to isolated DHDR proteins,and biologically active portions thereof, as well as polypeptidefragments suitable for use as immunogens to raise anti-DHDR antibodies.In one embodiment, native DHDR proteins can be isolated from cells ortissue sources by an appropriate purification scheme using standardprotein purification techniques. In another embodiment, DHDR proteinsare produced by recombinant DNA techniques. Alternative to recombinantexpression, a DHDR protein or polypeptide can be synthesized chemicallyusing standard peptide synthesis techniques.

[0119] An “isolated” or “purified” protein or biologically activeportion thereof is substantially free of cellular material or othercontaminating proteins from the cell or tissue source from which theDHDR protein is derived, or substantially free from chemical precursorsor other chemicals when chemically synthesized. The language“substantially free of cellular material” includes preparations of DHDRprotein in which the protein is separated from cellular components ofthe cells from which it is isolated or recombinantly produced. In oneembodiment, the language “substantially free of cellular material”includes preparations of DHDR protein having less than about 30% (by dryweight) of non-DHDR protein (also referred to herein as a “contaminatingprotein”), more preferably less than about 20% of non-DHDR protein,still more preferably less than about 10% of non-DHDR protein, and mostpreferably less than about 5% non-DHDR protein. When the DHDR protein orbiologically active portion thereof is recombinantly produced, it isalso preferably substantially free of culture medium, i.e., culturemedium represents less than about 20%, more preferably less than about10%, and most preferably less than about 5% of the volume of the proteinpreparation.

[0120] The language “substantially free of chemical precursors or otherchemicals” includes preparations of DHDR protein in which the protein isseparated from chemical precursors or other chemicals which are involvedin the synthesis of the protein. In one embodiment, the language“substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals” includespreparations of DHDR protein having less than about 30% (by dry weight)of chemical precursors or non-DHDR chemicals, more preferably less thanabout 20% chemical precursors or non-DHDR chemicals, still morepreferably less than about 10% chemical precursors or non-DHDRchemicals, and most preferably less than about 5% chemical precursors ornon-DHDR chemicals.

[0121] As used herein, a “biologically active portion” of a DHDR proteinincludes a fragment of a DHDR protein which participates in aninteraction between a DHDR molecule and a non-DHDR molecule.Biologically active portions of a DHDR protein include peptidescomprising amino acid sequences sufficiently identical to or derivedfrom the amino acid sequence of the DHDR protein, e.g., the amino acidsequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11, which include less aminoacids than the full length DHDR proteins, and exhibit at least oneactivity of a DHDR protein. Typically, biologically active portionscomprise a domain or motif with at least one activity of the DHDRprotein, e.g., modulating membrane excitability. A biologically activeportion of a DHDR protein can be a polypeptide which is, for example,25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300 or more amino acids inlength. Biologically active portions of a DHDR protein can be used astargets for developing agents which modulate a DHDR mediated activity,e.g., a proliferative response.

[0122] In one embodiment, a biologically active portion of a DHDRprotein comprises at least one transmembrane domain. It is to beunderstood that a preferred biologically active portion of a DHDRprotein of the present invention may contain at least one transmembranedomain and one or more of the following domains: a signal peptidedomain, an aldehyde dehydrogenase oxidoreductase domain, an aldehydedehydrogenase family domain, a short chain dehydrogenase domain, anoxidoreductase protein dehydrogenase domain, a 3-beta hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase domain, a NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase domain, ashort chain dehydrogenase/reductase domain, a shikimate 5-dehydrogenasedomain, a dehydrogenase domain, or a glucose-1-dehydrogenase domain.Moreover, other biologically active portions, in which other regions ofthe protein are deleted, can be prepared by recombinant techniques andevaluated for one or more of the functional activities of a native DHDRprotein.

[0123] In a preferred embodiment, the DHDR protein has an amino acidsequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11. In other embodiments, theDHDR protein is substantially identical to SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11, andretains the functional activity of the protein of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or11, yet differs in amino acid sequence due to natural allelic variationor mutagenesis, as described in detail in subsection I above.Accordingly, in another embodiment, the DHDR protein is a protein whichcomprises an amino acid sequence at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%,75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ IDNO:2, 5, 8, or 11.

[0124] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences orof two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimalcomparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of afirst and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimalalignment and non-identical sequences can be disregarded for comparisonpurposes). In a preferred embodiment, the length of a reference sequencealigned for comparison purposes is at least 30%, preferably at least40%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%,and even more preferably at least 70%, 80%, or 90% of the length of thereference sequence (e.g., when aligning a second sequence to the DHDRamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11 having 400 amino acidresidues, at least 50, preferably at least 100, more preferably at least150, even more preferably at least 200, and even more preferably atleast 300 or more amino acid residues are aligned). The amino acidresidues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions ornucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the firstsequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as thecorresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules areidentical at that position (as used herein amino acid or nucleic acid“identity” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid “homology”). Thepercent identity between the two sequences is a function of the numberof identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account thenumber of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introducedfor optimal alignment of the two sequences.

[0125] The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identitybetween two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematicalalgorithm. In a preferred embodiment, the percent identity between twoamino acid sequences is determined using the Needleman and Wunsch (J.Mol. Biol. (48):444-453 (1970)) algorithm which has been incorporatedinto the GAP program in the GCG software package (available athttp://www.gcg.com), using either a Blosum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix,and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1,2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In yet another preferred embodiment, the percentidentity between two nucleotide sequences is determined using the GAPprogram in the GCG software package (available at http://www.gcg.com),using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In another embodiment, thepercent identity between two amino acid or nucleotide sequences isdetermined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller (Comput. Appl.Biosci., 4:11-17 (1988)) which has been incorporated into the ALIGNprogram (version 2.0 or 2.0U), using a PAM120 weight residue table, agap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4.

[0126] The nucleic acid and protein sequences of the present inventioncan further be used as a “query sequence” to perform a search againstpublic databases to, for example, identify other family members orrelated sequences. Such searches can be performed using the NBLAST andXBLAST programs (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol.215:403-10. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the NBLASTprogram, score=100, wordlength=12 to obtain nucleotide sequenceshomologous to DHDR nucleic acid molecules of the invention. BLASTprotein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program, score=100,wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to DHDR proteinmolecules of the invention. To obtain gapped alignments for comparisonpurposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al.,(1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25(17):3389-3402. When utilizing BLAST andGapped BLAST programs, the default parameters of the respective programs(e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

[0127] The invention also provides DHDR chimeric or fusion proteins. Asused herein, a DHDR “chimeric protein” or “fusion protein” comprises aDHDR polypeptide operatively linked to a non-DHDR polypeptide. An “DHDRpolypeptide” refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid sequencecorresponding to a DHDR molecule, whereas a “non-DHDR polypeptide”refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to aprotein which is not substantially homologous to the DHDR protein, e.g.,a protein which is different from the DHDR protein and which is derivedfrom the same or a different organism. Within a DHDR fusion protein theDHDR polypeptide can correspond to all or a portion of a DHDR protein.In a preferred embodiment, a DHDR fusion protein comprises at least onebiologically active portion of a DHDR protein. In another preferredembodiment, a DHDR fusion protein comprises at least two biologicallyactive portions of a DHDR protein. Within the fusion protein, the term“operatively linked” is intended to indicate that the DHDR polypeptideand the non-DHDR polypeptide are fused in-frame to each other. Thenon-DHDR polypeptide can be fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of theDHDR polypeptide.

[0128] For example, in one embodiment, the fusion protein is a GST-DHDRfusion protein in which the DHDR sequences are fused to the C-terminusof the GST sequences. Such fusion proteins can facilitate thepurification of recombinant DHDR.

[0129] In another embodiment, the fusion protein is a DHDR proteincontaining a heterologous signal sequence at its N-terminus. In certainhost cells (e.g., mammalian host cells), expression and/or secretion ofDHDR can be increased through use of a heterologous signal sequence.

[0130] The DHDR fusion proteins of the invention can be incorporatedinto pharmaceutical compositions and administered to a subject in vivo.The DHDR fusion proteins can be used to affect the bioavailability of aDHDR substrate. Use of DHDR fusion proteins may be usefultherapeutically for the treatment of disorders caused by, for example,(i) aberrant modification or mutation of a gene encoding a DHDR protein;(ii) mis-regulation of the DHDR gene; and (iii) aberrantpost-translational modification of a DHDR protein.

[0131] Moreover, the DHDR-fusion proteins of the invention can be usedas immunogens to produce anti-DHDR antibodies in a subject, to purifyDHDR ligands and in screening assays to identify molecules which inhibitthe interaction of DHDR with a DHDR substrate.

[0132] Preferably, a DHDR chimeric or fusion protein of the invention isproduced by standard recombinant DNA techniques. For example, DNAfragments coding for the different polypeptide sequences are ligatedtogether in-frame in accordance with conventional techniques, forexample by employing blunt-ended or stagger-ended termini for ligation,restriction enzyme digestion to provide for appropriate termini,filling-in of cohesive ends as appropriate, alkaline phosphatasetreatment to avoid undesirable joining, and enzymatic ligation. Inanother embodiment, the fusion gene can be synthesized by conventionaltechniques including automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCRamplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primerswhich give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive genefragments which can subsequently be annealed and reamplified to generatea chimeric gene sequence (see, for example, Current Protocols inMolecular Biology, eds. Ausubel et al. John Wiley & Sons: 1992).Moreover, many expression vectors are commercially available thatalready encode a fusion moiety (e.g., a GST polypeptide). ADHDR-encoding nucleic acid can be cloned into such an expression vectorsuch that the fusion moiety is linked in-frame to the DHDR protein.

[0133] The present invention also pertains to variants of the DHDRproteins which function as either DHDR agonists (mimetics) or as DHDRantagonists. Variants of the DHDR proteins can be generated bymutagenesis, e.g., discrete point mutation or truncation of a DHDRprotein. An agonist of the DHDR proteins can retain substantially thesame, or a subset, of the biological activities of the naturallyoccurring form of a DHDR protein. An antagonist of a DHDR protein caninhibit one or more of the activities of the naturally occurring form ofthe DHDR protein by, for example, competitively modulating aDHDR-mediated activity of a DHDR protein. Thus, specific biologicaleffects can be elicited by treatment with a variant of limited function.In one embodiment, treatment of a subject with a variant having a subsetof the biological activities of the naturally occurring form of theprotein has fewer side effects in a subject relative to treatment withthe naturally occurring form of the DHDR protein.

[0134] In one embodiment, variants of a DHDR protein which function aseither DHDR agonists (mimetics) or as DHDR antagonists can be identifiedby screening combinatorial libraries of mutants, e.g., truncationmutants, of a DHDR protein for DHDR protein agonist or antagonistactivity. In one embodiment, a variegated library of DHDR variants isgenerated by combinatorial mutagenesis at the nucleic acid level and isencoded by a variegated gene library. A variegated library of DHDRvariants can be produced by, for example, enzymatically ligating amixture of synthetic oligonucleotides into gene sequences such that adegenerate set of potential DHDR sequences is expressible as individualpolypeptides, or alternatively, as a set of larger fusion proteins(e.g., for phage display) containing the set of DHDR sequences therein.There are a variety of methods which can be used to produce libraries ofpotential DHDR variants from a degenerate oligonucleotide sequence.Chemical synthesis of a degenerate gene sequence can be performed in anautomatic DNA synthesizer, and the synthetic gene then ligated into anappropriate expression vector. Use of a degenerate set of genes allowsfor the provision, in one mixture, of all of the sequences encoding thedesired set of potential DHDR sequences. Methods for synthesizingdegenerate oligonucleotides are known in the art (see, e.g, Narang, S.A. (1983) Tetrahedron 39:3; Itakura et al. (1984) Annu. Rev. Biochem.53:323; Itakura et al. (1984) Science 198:1056; Ike et al. (1983)Nucleic Acid Res. 11:477.

[0135] In addition, libraries of fragments of a DHDR protein codingsequence can be used to generate a variegated population of DHDRfragments for screening and subsequent selection of variants of a DHDRprotein. In one embodiment, a library of coding sequence fragments canbe generated by treating a double stranded PCR fragment of a DHDR codingsequence with a nuclease under conditions wherein nicking occurs onlyabout once per molecule, denaturing the double stranded DNA, renaturingthe DNA to form double stranded DNA which can include sense/antisensepairs from different nicked products, removing single stranded portionsfrom reformed duplexes by treatment with S1 nuclease, and ligating theresulting fragment library into an expression vector. By this method, anexpression library can be derived which encodes N-terminal, C-terminaland internal fragments of various sizes of the DHDR protein.

[0136] Several techniques are known in the art for screening geneproducts of combinatorial libraries made by point mutations ortruncation, and for screening cDNA libraries for gene products having aselected property. Such techniques are adaptable for rapid screening ofthe gene libraries generated by the combinatorial mutagenesis of DHDRproteins. The most widely used techniques, which are amenable to highthrough-put analysis, for screening large gene libraries typicallyinclude cloning the gene library into replicable expression vectors,transforming appropriate cells with the resulting library of vectors,and expressing the combinatorial genes under conditions in whichdetection of a desired activity facilitates isolation of the vectorencoding the gene whose product was detected. Recursive ensemblemutagenesis (REM), a new technique which enhances the frequency offunctional mutants in the libraries, can be used in combination with thescreening assays to identify DHDR variants (Arkin and Yourvan (1992)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7811-7815; Delgrave et al. (1993) ProteinEngineering 6(3): 327-331).

[0137] In one embodiment, cell based assays can be exploited to analyzea variegated DHDR library. For example, a library of expression vectorscan be transfected into a cell line, e.g., a neuronal cell line, whichordinarily responds to a DHDR ligand in a particular DHDRligand-dependent manner. The transfected cells are then contacted with aDHDR ligand and the effect of expression of the mutant on, e.g.,membrane excitability of DHDR can be detected. Plasmid DNA can then berecovered from the cells which score for inhibition, or alternatively,potentiation of signaling by the DHDR ligand, and the individual clonesfurther characterized.

[0138] An isolated DHDR protein, or a portion or fragment thereof, canbe used as an immunogen to generate antibodies that bind DHDR usingstandard techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparation.A full-length DHDR protein can be used or, alternatively, the inventionprovides antigenic peptide fragments of DHDR for use as immunogens. Theantigenic peptide of DHDR comprises at least 8 amino acid residues ofthe amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, 5, 8, or 11 andencompasses an epitope of DHDR such that an antibody raised against thepeptide forms a specific immune complex with the DHDR protein.Preferably, the antigenic peptide comprises at least 10 amino acidresidues, more preferably at least 15 amino acid residues, even morepreferably at least 20 amino acid residues, and most preferably at least30 amino acid residues.

[0139] Preferred epitopes encompassed by the antigenic peptide areregions of DHDR that are located on the surface of the protein, e.g.,hydrophilic regions, as well as regions with high antigenicity (see, forexample, FIGS. 2, 7, 12, and 18).

[0140] A DHDR immunogen typically is used to prepare antibodies byimmunizing a suitable subject, (e.g., rabbit, goat, mouse or othermammal) with the immunogen. An appropriate immunogenic preparation cancontain, for example, recombinantly expressed DHDR protein or achemically synthesized DHDR polypeptide. The preparation can furtherinclude an adjuvant, such as Freund's complete or incomplete adjuvant,or similar immunostimulatory agent. Immunization of a suitable subjectwith an immunogenic DHDR preparation induces a polyclonal anti-DHDRantibody response.

[0141] Accordingly, another aspect of the invention pertains toanti-DHDR antibodies. The term “antibody” as used herein refers toimmunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portions ofimmunoglobulin molecules, i.e., molecules that contain an antigenbinding site which specifically binds (immunoreacts with) an antigen,such as a DHDR. Examples of immunologically active portions ofimmunoglobulin molecules include F(ab) and F(ab′)₂ fragments which canbe generated by treating the antibody with an enzyme such as pepsin. Theinvention provides polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that bind DHDRmolecules. The term “monoclonal antibody” or “monoclonal antibodycomposition”, as used herein, refers to a population of antibodymolecules that contain only one species of an antigen binding sitecapable of immunoreacting with a particular epitope of DHDR. Amonoclonal antibody composition thus typically displays a single bindingaffinity for a particular DHDR protein with which it immunoreacts.

[0142] Polyclonal anti-DHDR antibodies can be prepared as describedabove by immunizing a suitable subject with a DHDR immunogen. Theanti-DHDR antibody titer in the immunized subject can be monitored overtime by standard techniques, such as with an enzyme linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA) using immobilized DHDR. If desired, the antibody moleculesdirected against DHDR can be isolated from the mammal (e.g., from theblood) and further purified by well known techniques, such as protein Achromatography to obtain the IgG fraction. At an appropriate time afterimmunization, e.g., when the anti-DHDR antibody titers are highest,antibody-producing cells can be obtained from the subject and used toprepare monoclonal antibodies by standard techniques, such as thehybridoma technique originally described by Kohler and Milstein (1975)Nature 256:495-497) (see also, Brown et al. (1981) J. Immunol.127:539-46; Brown et al. (1980) J. Biol. Chem .255:4980-83; Yeh et al.(1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:2927-31; and Yeh et al. (1982) Int.J. Cancer 29:269-75), the more recent human B cell hybridoma technique(Kozbor et al. (1983) Immunol Today 4:72), the EBV-hybridoma technique(Cole et al. (1985), Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R.Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96) or trioma techniques. The technology forproducing monoclonal antibody hybridomas is well known (see generally R.H. Kenneth, in Monoclonal Antibodies: A New Dimension In BiologicalAnalyses, Plenum Publishing Corp., New York, N.Y. (1980); E. A. Lemer(1981) Yale J. Biol. Med., 54:387-402; M. L. Gefter et al. (1977)Somatic Cell Genet. 3:231-36). Briefly, an immortal cell line (typicallya myeloma) is fused to lymphocytes (typically splenocytes) from a mammalimmunized with a DHDR immunogen as described above, and the culturesupernatants of the resulting hybridoma cells are screened to identify ahybridoma producing a monoclonal antibody that binds DHDR.

[0143] Any of the many well known protocols used for fusing lymphocytesand immortalized cell lines can be applied for the purpose of generatingan anti-DHDR monoclonal antibody (see, e.g., G. Galfre et al. (1977)Nature 266:55052; Gefter et al. Somatic Cell Genet., cited supra;Lerner, Yale J. Biol. Med., cited supra; Kenneth, Monoclonal Antibodies,cited supra). Moreover, the ordinarily skilled worker will appreciatethat there are many variations of such methods which also would beuseful. Typically, the immortal cell line (e.g., a myeloma cell line) isderived from the same mammalian species as the lymphocytes. For example,murine hybridomas can be made by fusing lymphocytes from a mouseimmunized with an immunogenic preparation of the present invention withan immortalized mouse cell line. Preferred immortal cell lines are mousemyeloma cell lines that are sensitive to culture medium containinghypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine (“HAT medium”). Any of a numberof myeloma cell lines can be used as a fusion partner according tostandard techniques, e.g., the P3-NS1/1-Ag4-1, P3-x63-Ag8.653 orSp2/O-Ag14 myeloma lines. These myeloma lines are available from ATCCTypically, HAT-sensitive mouse myeloma cells are fused to mousesplenocytes using polyethylene glycol (“PEG”). Hybridoma cells resultingfrom the fusion are then selected using HAT medium, which kills unfusedand unproductively fused myeloma cells (unfused splenocytes die afterseveral days because they are not transformed). Hybridoma cellsproducing a monoclonal antibody of the invention are detected byscreening the hybridoma culture supernatants for antibodies that bindDHDR, e.g., using a standard ELISA assay.

[0144] Alternative to preparing monoclonal antibody-secretinghybridomas, a monoclonal anti-DHDR antibody can be identified andisolated by screening a recombinant combinatorial immunoglobulin library(e.g., an antibody phage display library) with DHDR to thereby isolateimmunoglobulin library members that bind DHDR. Kits for generating andscreening phage display libraries are commercially available (e.g., thePharmacia Recombinant Phage Antibody System, Catalog No. 27-9400-01; andthe Stratagene SurfZAP™ Phage Display Kit, Catalog No. 240612).Additionally, examples of methods and reagents particularly amenable foruse in generating and screening antibody display library can be foundin, for example, Ladner et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409; Kang et al. PCTInternational Publication No. WO 92/18619; Dower et al. PCTInternational Publication No. WO 91/17271; Winter et al. PCTInternational Publication WO 92/20791; Markland et al. PCT InternationalPublication No. WO 92/15679; Breitling et al. PCT InternationalPublication WO 93/01288; McCafferty et al. PCT International PublicationNo. WO 92/01047; Garrard et al. PCT International Publication No. WO92/09690; Ladner et al. PCT International Publication No. WO 90/02809;Fuchs et al. (1991) Bio/Technology 9:1370-1372; Hay et al. (1992) Hum.Antibod. Hybridomas 3:81-85; Huse et al. (1989) Science 246:1275-1281;Griffiths et al. (1993) EMBO J 12:725-734; Hawkins et al. (1992) J. Mol.Biol. 226:889-896; Clarkson et al. (1991) Nature 352:624-628; Gram etal. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3576-3580; Garrad et al. (1991)Bio/Technology 9:1373-1377; Hoogenboom et al. (1991) Nuc. Acid Res.19:4133-4137; Barbas et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA88:7978-7982; and McCafferty et al. Nature (1990) 348:552-554.

[0145] Additionally, recombinant anti-DHDR antibodies, such as chimericand humanized monoclonal antibodies, comprising both human and non-humanportions, which can be made using standard recombinant DNA techniques,are within the scope of the invention. Such chimeric and humanizedmonoclonal antibodies can be produced by recombinant DNA techniquesknown in the art, for example using methods described in Robinson et al.International Application No. PCT/US86/02269; Akira, et al. EuropeanPatent Application 184,187; Taniguchi, M., European Patent Application171,496; Morrison et al. European Patent Application 173,494; Neubergeret al. PCT International Publication No. WO 86/01533; Cabilly et al.U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; Cabilly et al. European Patent Application125,023; Better et al. (1988) Science 240:1041-1043; Liu et al. (1987)Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 84:3439-3443; Liu et al. (1987) J. Immunol.139:3521-3526; Sun et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 84:214-218;Nishimura et al. (1987) Canc. Res. 47:999-1005; Wood et al. (1985)Nature 314:446-449; and Shaw et al. (1988) J. Natl. Cancer Inst.80:1553-1559); Morrison, S. L. (1985) Science 229:1202-1207; Oi et al.(1986) BioTechniques 4:214; Winter U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539; Jones et al.(1986) Nature 321:552-525; Verhoeyan et al. (1988) Science 239:1534; andBeidler et al. (1988) J. Immunol. 141:4053-4060.

[0146] An anti-DHDR antibody (e.g., monoclonal antibody) can be used toisolate DHDR by standard techniques, such as affinity chromatography orimmunoprecipitation. An anti-DHDR antibody can facilitate thepurification of natural DHDR from cells and of recombinantly producedDHDR expressed in host cells. Moreover, an anti-DHDR antibody can beused to detect DHDR protein (e.g., in a cellular lysate or cellsupernatant) in order to evaluate the abundance and pattern ofexpression of the DHDR protein. Anti-DHDR antibodies can be useddiagnostically to monitor protein levels in tissue as part of a clinicaltesting procedure, e.g., to, for example, determine the efficacy of agiven treatment regimen. Detection can be facilitated by coupling (i.e.,physically linking) the antibody to a detectable substance. Examples ofdetectable substances include various enzymes, prosthetic groups,fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials,and radioactive materials. Examples of suitable enzymes includehorseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, β-galactosidase, oracetylcholinesterase; examples of suitable prosthetic group complexesinclude streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin; examples of suitablefluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluoresceinisothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansylchloride or phycoerythrin; an example of a luminescent material includesluminol; examples of bioluminescent materials include luciferase,luciferin, and aequorin, and examples of suitable radioactive materialinclude ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ³⁵S or ³H.

[0147] II. Recombinant Expression Vectors and Host Cells

[0148] Another aspect of the invention pertains to vectors, preferablyexpression vectors, containing a nucleic acid encoding a DHDR protein(or a portion thereof). As used herein, the term “vector” refers to anucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid towhich it has been linked. One type of vector is a “plasmid”, whichrefers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNAsegments can be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector,wherein additional DNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome.Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cellinto which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having abacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors). Othervectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors) are integrated into thegenome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and therebyare replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors arecapable of directing the expression of genes to which they areoperatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “expressionvectors”. In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNAtechniques are often in the form of plasmids. In the presentspecification, “plasmid” and “vector” can be used interchangeably as theplasmid is the most commonly used form of vector. However, the inventionis intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such asviral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenovirusesand adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions.

[0149] The recombinant expression vectors of the invention comprise anucleic acid of the invention in a form suitable for expression of thenucleic acid in a host cell, which means that the recombinant expressionvectors include one or more regulatory sequences, selected on the basisof the host cells to be used for expression, which is operatively linkedto the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed. Within a recombinantexpression vector, “operably linked” is intended to mean that thenucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory sequence(s)in a manner which allows for expression of the nucleotide sequence(e.g., in an in vitro transcription/translation system or in a host cellwhen the vector is introduced into the host cell). The term “regulatorysequence” is intended to include promoters, enhancers and otherexpression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). Suchregulatory sequences are described, for example, in Goeddel; GeneExpression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, SanDiego, Calif. (1990). Regulatory sequences include those which directconstitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many types of hostcells and those which direct expression of the nucleotide sequence onlyin certain host cells (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory sequences). Itwill be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of theexpression vector can depend on such factors as the choice of the hostcell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, andthe like. The expression vectors of the invention can be introduced intohost cells to thereby produce proteins or peptides, including fusionproteins or peptides, encoded by nucleic acids as described herein(e.g., DHDR proteins, mutant forms of DHDR proteins, fusion proteins,and the like).

[0150] The recombinant expression vectors of the invention can bedesigned for expression of DHDR proteins in prokaryotic or eukaryoticcells. For example, DHDR proteins can be expressed in bacterial cellssuch as E. coli, insect cells (using baculovirus expression vectors)yeast cells or mammalian cells. Suitable host cells are discussedfurther in Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). Alternatively, therecombinant expression vector can be transcribed and translated invitro, for example using T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7polymerase.

[0151] Expression of proteins in prokaryotes is most often carried outin E. coli with vectors containing constitutive or inducible promotersdirecting the expression of either fusion or non-fusion proteins. Fusionvectors add a number of amino acids to a protein encoded therein,usually to the amino terminus of the recombinant protein. Such fusionvectors typically serve three purposes: 1) to increase expression ofrecombinant protein; 2) to increase the solubility of the recombinantprotein; and 3) to aid in the purification of the recombinant protein byacting as a ligand in affinity purification. Often, in fusion expressionvectors, a proteolytic cleavage site is introduced at the junction ofthe fusion moiety and the recombinant protein to enable separation ofthe recombinant protein from the fusion moiety subsequent topurification of the fusion protein. Such enzymes, and their cognaterecognition sequences, include Factor Xa, thrombin and enterokinase.Typical fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Pharmacia Biotech Inc;Smith, D. B. and Johnson, K. S. (1988) Gene 67:31-40), pMAL (New EnglandBiolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) whichfuse glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose E binding protein, orprotein A, respectively, to the target recombinant protein.

[0152] Purified fusion proteins can be utilized in DHDR activity assays,(e.g., direct assays or competitive assays described in detail below),or to generate antibodies specific for DHDR proteins, for example. In apreferred embodiment, a DHDR fusion protein expressed in a retroviralexpression vector of the present invention can be utilized to infectbone marrow cells which are subsequently transplanted into irradiatedrecipients. The pathology of the subject recipient is then examinedafter sufficient time has passed (e.g., six (6) weeks).

[0153] Examples of suitable inducible non-fusion E. coli expressionvectors include pTrc (Amann et al., (1988) Gene 69:301-315) and pET 11d(Studier et al., Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185,Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) 60-89). Target gene expressionfrom the pTrc vector relies on host RNA polymerase transcription from ahybrid trp-lac fusion promoter. Target gene expression from the pET 11dvector relies on transcription from a T7 gn10-lac fusion promotermediated by a coexpressed viral RNA polymerase (T7 gn1). This viralpolymerase is supplied by host strains BL21(DE3) or HMS174(DE3) from aresident prophage harboring a T7 gn1 gene under the transcriptionalcontrol of the lacUV 5 promoter.

[0154] One strategy to maximize recombinant protein expression in E.coli is to express the protein in a host bacteria with an impairedcapacity to proteolytically cleave the recombinant protein (Gottesman,S., Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, AcademicPress, San Diego, Calif. (1990) 119-128). Another strategy is to alterthe nucleic acid sequence of the nucleic acid to be inserted into anexpression vector so that the individual codons for each amino acid arethose preferentially utilized in E. coli (Wada et al., (1992) NucleicAcids Res. 20:2111-2118). Such alteration of nucleic acid sequences ofthe invention can be carried out by standard DNA synthesis techniques.

[0155] In another embodiment, the DHDR expression vector is a yeastexpression vector. Examples of vectors for expression in yeast S.cerevisiae include pYepSec1 (Baldari, et al., (1987) Embo J. 6:229-234),pMFa (Kurjan and Herskowitz, (1982) Cell 30:933-943), pJRY88 (Schultz etal., (1987) Gene 54:113-123), pYES2 (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego,Calif.), and picZ (InVitrogen Corp, San Diego, Calif.).

[0156] Alternatively, DHDR proteins can be expressed in insect cellsusing baculovirus expression vectors. Baculovirus vectors available forexpression of proteins in cultured insect cells (e.g., Sf 9 cells)include the pAc series (Smith et al. (1983) Mol. Cell Biol. 3:2156-2165)and the pVL series (Lucklow and Summers (1989) Virology 170:31-39).

[0157] In yet another embodiment, a nucleic acid of the invention isexpressed in mammalian cells using a mammalian expression vector.Examples of mammalian expression vectors include pCDM8 (Seed, B. (1987)Nature 329:840) and pMT2PC (Kaufman et al. (1987) EMBO J. 6:187-195).When used in mammalian cells, the expression vector's control functionsare often provided by viral regulatory elements. For example, commonlyused promoters are derived from polyoma, Adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirusand Simian Virus 40. For other suitable expression systems for bothprokaryotic and eukaryotic cells see chapters 16 and 17 of Sambrook, J.,Fritsh, E. F., and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual.2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989.

[0158] In another embodiment, the recombinant mammalian expressionvector is capable of directing expression of the nucleic acidpreferentially in a particular cell type (e.g., tissue-specificregulatory elements are used to express the nucleic acid).Tissue-specific regulatory elements are known in the art. Non-limitingexamples of suitable tissue-specific promoters include the albuminpromoter (liver-specific; Pinkert et al. (1987) Genes Dev. 1:268-277),lymphoid-specific promoters (Calame and Eaton (1988) Adv. Immunol.43:235-275), in particular promoters of T cell receptors (Winoto andBaltimore (1989) EMBO J. 8:729-733) and immunoglobulins (Banerji et al.(1983) Cell 33:729-740; Queen and Baltimore (1983) Cell 33:741-748),neuron-specific promoters (e.g., the neurofilament promoter; Byrne andRuddle (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5473-5477),pancreas-specific promoters (Edlund et al. (1985) Science 230:912-916),and mammary gland-specific promoters (e.g., milk whey promoter; U.S.Pat. No. 4,873,316 and European Application Publication No. 264,166).Developmentally-regulated promoters are also encompassed, for examplethe murine hox promoters (Kessel and Gruss (1990) Science 249:374-379)and the α-fetoprotein promoter (Campes and Tilghman (1989) Genes Dev.3:537-546).

[0159] The invention further provides a recombinant expression vectorcomprising a DNA molecule of the invention cloned into the expressionvector in an antisense orientation. That is, the DNA molecule isoperatively linked to a regulatory sequence in a manner which allows forexpression (by transcription of the DNA molecule) of an RNA moleculewhich is antisense to DHDR mRNA. Regulatory sequences operatively linkedto a nucleic acid cloned in the antisense orientation can be chosenwhich direct the continuous expression of the antisense RNA molecule ina variety of cell types, for instance viral promoters and/or enhancers,or regulatory sequences can be chosen which direct constitutive, tissuespecific or cell type specific expression of antisense RNA. Theantisense expression vector can be in the form of a recombinant plasmid,phagemid or attenuated virus in which antisense nucleic acids areproduced under the control of a high efficiency regulatory region, theactivity of which can be determined by the cell type into which thevector is introduced. For a discussion of the regulation of geneexpression using antisense genes see Weintraub, H. et al., Antisense RNAas a molecular tool for genetic analysis, Reviews—Trends in Genetics,Vol. 1(1) 1986.

[0160] Another aspect of the invention pertains to host cells into whicha DHDR nucleic acid molecule of the invention is introduced, e.g., aDHDR nucleic acid molecule within a recombinant expression vector or aDHDR nucleic acid molecule containing sequences which allow it tohomologously recombine into a specific site of the host cell's genome.The terms “host cell” and “recombinant host cell” are usedinterchangeably herein. It is understood that such terms refer not onlyto the particular subject cell but to the progeny or potential progenyof such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeedinggenerations due to either mutation or environmental influences, suchprogeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are stillincluded within the scope of the term as used herein.

[0161] A host cell can be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. Forexample, a DHDR protein can be expressed in bacterial cells such as E.coli, insect cells, yeast or mammalian cells (such as Chinese hamsterovary cells (CHO) or COS cells). Other suitable host cells are known tothose skilled in the art.

[0162] Vector DNA can be introduced into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cellsvia conventional transformation or transfection techniques. As usedherein, the terms “transformation” and “transfection” are intended torefer to a variety of art-recognized techniques for introducing foreignnucleic acid (e.g., DNA) into a host cell, including calcium phosphateor calcium chloride co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediatedtransfection, lipofection, or electroporation. Suitable methods fortransforming or transfecting host cells can be found in Sambrook, et al.(Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring HarborLaboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y., 1989), and other laboratory manuals.

[0163] For stable transfection of mammalian cells, it is known that,depending upon the expression vector and transfection technique used,only a small fraction of cells may integrate the foreign DNA into theirgenome. In order to identify and select these integrants, a gene thatencodes a selectable marker (e.g., resistance to antibiotics) isgenerally introduced into the host cells along with the gene ofinterest. Preferred selectable markers include those which conferresistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin and methotrexate. Nucleicacid encoding a selectable marker can be introduced into a host cell onthe same vector as that encoding a DHDR protein or can be introduced ona separate vector. Cells stably transfected with the introduced nucleicacid can be identified by drug selection (e.g., cells that haveincorporated the selectable marker gene will survive, while the othercells die).

[0164] A host cell of the invention, such as a prokaryotic or eukaryotichost cell in culture, can be used to produce (i.e., express) a DHDRprotein. Accordingly, the invention further provides methods forproducing a DHDR protein using the host cells of the invention. In oneembodiment, the method comprises culturing the host cell of theinvention (into which a recombinant expression vector encoding a DHDRprotein has been introduced) in a suitable medium such that a DHDRprotein is produced. In another embodiment, the method further comprisesisolating a DHDR protein from the medium or the host cell.

[0165] The host cells of the invention can also be used to producenon-human transgenic animals. For example, in one embodiment, a hostcell of the invention is a fertilized oocyte or an embryonic stem cellinto which DHDR-coding sequences have been introduced. Such host cellscan then be used to create non-human transgenic animals in whichexogenous DHDR sequences have been introduced into their genome orhomologous recombinant animals in which endogenous DHDR sequences havebeen altered. Such animals are useful for studying the function and/oractivity of a DHDR and for identifying and/or evaluating modulators ofDHDR activity. As used herein, a “transgenic animal” is a non-humananimal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a rodent such as a rat ormouse, in which one or more of the cells of the animal includes atransgene. Other examples of transgenic animals include non-humanprimates, sheep, dogs, cows, goats, chickens, amphibians, and the like.A transgene is exogenous DNA which is integrated into the genome of acell from which a transgenic animal develops and which remains in thegenome of the mature animal, thereby directing the expression of anencoded gene product in one or more cell types or tissues of thetransgenic animal. As used herein, a “homologous recombinant animal” isa non-human animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a mouse, inwhich an endogenous DHDR gene has been altered by homologousrecombination between the endogenous gene and an exogenous DNA moleculeintroduced into a cell of the animal, e.g., an embryonic cell of theanimal, prior to development of the animal.

[0166] A transgenic animal of the invention can be created byintroducing a DHDR-encoding nucleic acid into the male pronuclei of afertilized oocyte, e.g., by microinjection, retroviral infection, andallowing the oocyte to develop in a pseudopregnant female foster animal.The DHDR cDNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7, or SEQID NO:9 can be introduced as a transgene into the genome of a non-humananimal. Alternatively, a nonhuman homologue of a human DHDR gene, suchas a mouse or rat DHDR gene, can be used as a transgene. Alternatively,a DHDR gene homologue, such as another DHDR family member, can beisolated based on hybridization to the DHDR cDNA sequences of SEQ IDNO:1 or 3, SEQ ID NO:4 or 6, SEQ ID NO:7 or 9, or SEQ ID NO: 10 or 12,or the DNA insert of the plasmid deposited with ATCC as AccessionNumber______ (described further in subsection I above) and used as atransgene. Intronic sequences and polyadenylation signals can also beincluded in the transgene to increase the efficiency of expression ofthe transgene. A tissue-specific regulatory sequence(s) can be operablylinked to a DHDR transgene to direct expression of a DHDR protein toparticular cells. Methods for generating transgenic animals via embryomanipulation and microinjection, particularly animals such as mice, havebecome conventional in the art and are described, for example, in U.S.Pat. Nos. 4,736,866 and 4,870,009, both by Leder et al., U.S. Pat. No.4,873,191 by Wagner et al. and in Hogan, B., Manipulating the MouseEmbryo, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.,1986). Similar methods are used for production of other transgenicanimals. A transgenic founder animal can be identified based upon thepresence of a DHDR transgene in its genome and/or expression of DHDRmRNA in tissues or cells of the animals. A transgenic founder animal canthen be used to breed additional animals carrying the transgene.Moreover, transgenic animals carrying a transgene encoding a DHDRprotein can further be bred to other transgenic animals carrying othertransgenes.

[0167] To create a homologous recombinant animal, a vector is preparedwhich contains at least a portion of a DHDR gene into which a deletion,addition or substitution has been introduced to thereby alter, e.g.,functionally disrupt, the DHDR gene. The DHDR gene can be a human gene(e.g., the cDNA of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO:9 or SEQ IDNO:12), but more preferably, is a non-human homologue of a human DHDRgene (e.g., a cDNA isolated by stringent hybridization with thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ IDNO:10). For example, a mouse DHDR gene can be used to construct ahomologous recombination nucleic acid molecule, e.g., a vector, suitablefor altering an endogenous DHDR gene in the mouse genome. In a preferredembodiment, the homologous recombination nucleic acid molecule isdesigned such that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous DHDRgene is functionally disrupted (i.e., no longer encodes a functionalprotein; also referred to as a “knock out” vector). Alternatively, thehomologous recombination nucleic acid molecule can be designed suchthat, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous DHDR gene is mutatedor otherwise altered but still encodes functional protein (e.g., theupstream regulatory region can be altered to thereby alter theexpression of the endogenous DHDR protein). In the homologousrecombination nucleic acid molecule, the altered portion of the DHDRgene is flanked at its 5′ and 3′ ends by additional nucleic acidsequence of the DHDR gene to allow for homologous recombination to occurbetween the exogenous DHDR gene carried by the homologous recombinationnucleic acid molecule and an endogenous DHDR gene in a cell, e.g., anembryonic stem cell. The additional flanking DHDR nucleic acid sequenceis of sufficient length for successful homologous recombination with theendogenous gene. Typically, several kilobases of flanking DNA (both atthe 5′ and 3′ ends) are included in the homologous recombination nucleicacid molecule (see, e.g., Thomas, K. R. and Capecchi, M. R. (1987) Cell51:503 for a description of homologous recombination vectors). Thehomologous recombination nucleic acid molecule is introduced into acell, e.g., an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by electroporation) andcells in which the introduced DHDR gene has homologously recombined withthe endogenous DHDR gene are selected (see e.g., Li, E. et al. (1992)Cell 69:915). The selected cells can then injected into a blastocyst ofan animal (e.g., a mouse) to form aggregation chimeras (see e.g.,Bradley, A. in Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A PracticalApproach, E. J. Robertson, ed. (IRL, Oxford, 1987) pp. 113-152). Achimeric embryo can then be implanted into a suitable pseudopregnantfemale foster animal and the embryo brought to term. Progeny harboringthe homologously recombined DNA in their germ cells can be used to breedanimals in which all cells of the animal contain the homologouslyrecombined DNA by germline transmission of the transgene. Methods forconstructing homologous recombination nucleic acid molecules, e.g.,vectors, or homologous recombinant animals are described further inBradley, A. (1991) Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2:823-829 and in PCTInternational Publication Nos.: WO 90/11354 by Le Mouellec et al.; WO91/01140 by Smithies et al.; WO 92/0968 by Zijlstra et al.; and WO93/04169 by Berns et al.

[0168] In another embodiment, transgenic non-human animals can beproduced which contain selected systems which allow for regulatedexpression of the transgene. One example of such a system is thecre/loxP recombinase system of bacteriophage P1. For a description ofthe cre/loxP recombinase system, see, e.g., Lakso et al. (1992) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6232-6236. Another example of a recombinasesystem is the FLP recombinase system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae(O'Gorman et al. (1991) Science 251:1351-1355. If a cre/loxP recombinasesystem is used to regulate expression of the transgene, animalscontaining transgenes encoding both the Cre recombinase and a selectedprotein are required. Such animals can be provided through theconstruction of “double” transgenic animals, e.g., by mating twotransgenic animals, one containing a transgene encoding a selectedprotein and the other containing a transgene encoding a recombinase.

[0169] Clones of the non-human transgenic animals described herein canalso be produced according to the methods described in Wilmut, I. et al.(1997) Nature 385:810-813 and PCT International Publication Nos. WO97/07668 and WO 97/07669. In brief, a cell, e.g., a somatic cell, fromthe transgenic animal can be isolated and induced to exit the growthcycle and enter G₀ phase. The quiescent cell can then be fused, e.g.,through the use of electrical pulses, to an enucleated oocyte from ananimal of the same species from which the quiescent cell is isolated.The reconstructed oocyte is then cultured such that it develops tomorula or blastocyte and then transferred to pseudopregnant femalefoster animal. The offspring borne of this female foster animal will bea clone of the animal from which the cell, e.g., the somatic cell, isisolated.

[0170] IV. Pharmaceutical Compositions

[0171] The DHDR nucleic acid molecules, fragments of DHDR proteins, andanti-DHDR antibodies (also referred to herein as “active compounds”) ofthe invention can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositionssuitable for administration. Such compositions typically comprise thenucleic acid molecule, protein, or antibody and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier. As used herein the language “pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier” is intended to include any and all solvents,dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents,isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible withpharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents forpharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Exceptinsofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with theactive compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated.Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into thecompositions.

[0172] A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to becompatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routesof administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal,subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical),transmucosal, and rectal administration. Solutions or suspensions usedfor parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include thefollowing components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection,saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propyleneglycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzylalcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodiumbisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid;buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for theadjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can beadjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodiumhydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules,disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.

[0173] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use includesterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions andsterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectablesolutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitablecarriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, CremophorEL™ (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In allcases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extentthat easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditionsof manufacture and storage and must be preserved against thecontaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Thecarrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example,water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, andliquid polyetheylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixturesthereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the useof a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the requiredparticle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by variousantibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens,chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In manycases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example,sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in thecomposition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can bebrought about by including in the composition an agent which delaysabsorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

[0174] Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating theactive compound (e.g., a fragment of a DHDR protein or an anti-DHDRantibody) in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or acombination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed byfiltered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared byincorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle which containsa basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from thoseenumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation ofsterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation arevacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the activeingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previouslysterile-filtered solution thereof.

[0175] Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an ediblecarrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed intotablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the activecompound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form oftablets, troches, or capsules. oral compositions can also be preparedusing a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound inthe fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated orswallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvantmaterials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets,pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the followingingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such asmicrocrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient suchas starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid,Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate orSterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweeteningagent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such aspeppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.

[0176] For administration by inhalation, the compounds are delivered inthe form of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser whichcontains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or anebulizer.

[0177] Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal ortransdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration,penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in theformulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, andinclude, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bilesalts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can beaccomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. Fortransdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated intoointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.

[0178] The compounds can also be prepared in the form of suppositories(e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter andother glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.

[0179] In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared withcarriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination fromthe body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implantsand microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatiblepolymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides,polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid.Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially fromAlza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions(including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonalantibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known tothose skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No.4,522,811.

[0180] It is especially advantageous to formulate oral or parenteralcompositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration anduniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers tophysically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject tobe treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of activecompound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect inassociation with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specificationfor the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directlydependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and theparticular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitationsinherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for thetreatment of individuals.

[0181] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can bedetermined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures orexperimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effectivein 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeuticeffects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratioLD50/ED50. Compounds which exhibit large therapeutic indices arepreferred. While compounds that exhibit toxic side effects may be used,care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets suchcompounds to the site of affected tissue in order to minimize potentialdamage to uninfected cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.

[0182] The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studiescan be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. Thedosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulatingconcentrations that include the ED50 with little or no toxicity. Thedosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage formemployed and the route of administration utilized. For any compound usedin the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose canbe estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may beformulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasmaconcentration range that includes the IC50 (i.e., the concentration ofthe test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms)as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to moreaccurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may bemeasured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.

[0183] As defined herein, a therapeutically effective amount of proteinor polypeptide (i.e., an effective dosage) ranges from about 0.001 to 30mg/kg body weight, preferably about 0.01 to 25 mg/kg body weight, morepreferably about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg body weight, and even more preferablyabout 1 to 10 mg/kg, 2 to 9 mg/kg, 3 to 8 mg/kg, 4 to 7 mg/kg, or 5 to 6mg/kg body weight. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certainfactors may influence the dosage required to effectively treat asubject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease ordisorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of thesubject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subjectwith a therapeutically effective amount of a protein, polypeptide, orantibody can include a single treatment or, preferably, can include aseries of treatments.

[0184] In a preferred example, a subject is treated with antibody,protein, or polypeptide in the range of between about 0.1 to 20 mg/kgbody weight, one time per week for between about 1 to 10 weeks,preferably between 2 to 8 weeks, more preferably between about 3 to 7weeks, and even more preferably for about 4, 5, or 6 weeks. It will alsobe appreciated that the effective dosage of antibody, protein, orpolypeptide used for treatment may increase or decrease over the courseof a particular treatment. Changes in dosage may result and becomeapparent from the results of diagnostic assays as described herein.

[0185] The present invention encompasses agents which modulateexpression or activity. An agent may, for example, be a small molecule.For example, such small molecules include, but are not limited to,peptides, peptidomimetics, amino acids, amino acid analogs,polynucleotides, polynucleotide analogs, nucleotides, nucleotideanalogs, organic or inorganic compounds (i.e,. including heteroorganicand organometallic compounds) having a molecular weight less than about10,000 grams per mole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecularweight less than about 5,000 grams per mole, organic or inorganiccompounds having a molecular weight less than about 1,000 grams permole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecular weight less thanabout 500 grams per mole, and salts, esters, and other pharmaceuticallyacceptable forms of such compounds. It is understood that appropriatedoses of small molecule agents depends upon a number of factors withinthe ken of the ordinarily skilled physician, veterinarian, orresearcher. The dose(s) of the small molecule will vary, for example,depending upon the identity, size, and condition of the subject orsample being treated, further depending upon the route by which thecomposition is to be administered, if applicable, and the effect whichthe practitioner desires the small molecule to have upon the nucleicacid or polypeptide of the invention.

[0186] Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts of thesmall molecule per kilogram of subject or sample weight (e.g., about 1microgram per kilogram to about 500 milligrams per kilogram, about 100micrograms per kilogram to about 5 milligrams per kilogram, or about 1microgram per kilogram to about 50 micrograms per kilogram. It isfurthermore understood that appropriate doses of a small molecule dependupon the potency of the small molecule with respect to the expression oractivity to be modulated. Such appropriate doses may be determined usingthe assays described herein. When one or more of these small moleculesis to be administered to an animal (e.g., a human) in order to modulateexpression or activity of a polypeptide or nucleic acid of theinvention, a physician, veterinarian, or researcher may, for example,prescribe a relatively low dose at first, subsequently increasing thedose until an appropriate response is obtained. In addition, it isunderstood that the specific dose level for any particular animalsubject will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity ofthe specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health,gender, and diet of the subject, the time of administration, the routeof administration, the rate of excretion, any drug combination, and thedegree of expression or activity to be modulated.

[0187] Further, an antibody (or fragment thereof) may be conjugated to atherapeutic moiety such as a cytotoxin, a therapeutic agent or aradioactive metal ion. A cytotoxin or cytotoxic agent includes any agentthat is detrimental to cells. Examples include taxol, cytochalasin B,gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide,tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin,daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin,actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine,tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, and puromycin and analogs orhomologs thereof. Therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to,antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine,cytarabine, 5-fluorouracil decarbazine), alkylating agents (e.g.,mechlorethamine, thioepa chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine (BSNU) andlomustine (CCNU), cyclothosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol,streptozotocin, mitomycin C, and cis-dichlorodiamine platinum (II) (DDP)cisplatin), anthracyclines (e.g., daunorubicin (formerly daunomycin) anddoxorubicin), antibiotics (e.g., dactinomycin (formerly actinomycin),bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin (AMC)), and anti-mitotic agents(e.g., vincristine and vinblastine).

[0188] The conjugates of the invention can be used for modifying a givenbiological response, the drug moiety is not to be construed as limitedto classical chemical therapeutic agents. For example, the drug moietymay be a protein or polypeptide possessing a desired biologicalactivity. Such proteins may include, for example, a toxin such as abrin,ricin A, pseudomonas exotoxin, or diphtheria toxin; a protein such astumor necrosis factor, alpha-interferon, beta-interferon, nerve growthfactor, platelet derived growth factor, tissue plasminogen activator;or, biological response modifiers such as, for example, lymphokines,interleukin-1 (“IL-1”), interleukin-2 (“IL-2”), interleukin-6 (“IL-6”),granulocyte macrophase colony stimulating factor (“GM-CSF”), granulocytecolony stimulating factor (“G-CSF”), or other growth factors.

[0189] Techniques for conjugating such therapeutic moiety to antibodiesare well known, see, e.g., Arnon et al., “Monoclonal Antibodies ForImmunotargeting Of Drugs In Cancer Therapy”, in Monoclonal AntibodiesAnd Cancer Therapy, Reisfeld et al. (eds.), pp. 243-56 (Alan R. Liss,Inc. 1985); Hellstrom et al., “Antibodies For Drug Delivery”, inControlled Drug Delivery (2nd Ed.), Robinson et al. (eds.), pp. 623-53(Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1987); Thorpe, “Antibody Carriers Of CytotoxicAgents In Cancer Therapy: A Review”, in Monoclonal Antibodies '84:Biological And Clinical Applications, Pinchera et al. (eds.), pp.475-506 (1985); “Analysis, Results, And Future Prospective Of TheTherapeutic Use Of Radiolabeled Antibody In Cancer Therapy”, inMonoclonal Antibodies For Cancer Detection And Therapy, Baldwin et al.(eds.), pp. 303-16 (Academic Press 1985), and Thorpe et al., “ThePreparation And Cytotoxic Properties Of Antibody-Toxin Conjugates”,Immunol. Rev., 62:119-58 (1982). Alternatively, an antibody can beconjugated to a second antibody to form an antibody heteroconjugate asdescribed by Segal in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980.

[0190] The nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be inserted intovectors and used as gene therapy vectors. Gene therapy vectors can bedelivered to a subject by, for example, intravenous injection, localadministration (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,470) or by stereotacticinjection (see e.g., Chen et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA91:3054-3057). The pharmaceutical preparation of the gene therapy vectorcan include the gene therapy vector in an acceptable diluent, or cancomprise a slow release matrix in which the gene delivery vehicle isimbedded. Alternatively, where the complete gene delivery vector can beproduced intact from recombinant cells, e.g., retroviral vectors, thepharmaceutical preparation can include one or more cells which producethe gene delivery system.

[0191] The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container,pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.

[0192] V. Uses and Methods of the Invention

[0193] The nucleic acid molecules, proteins, protein homologues, andantibodies described herein can be used in one or more of the followingmethods: a) screening assays; b) predictive medicine (e.g., diagnosticassays, prognostic assays, monitoring clinical trials, andpharmacogenetics); and c) methods of treatment (e.g., therapeutic andprophylactic). As described herein, a DHDR protein of the invention hasone or more of the following activities: 1) it modulates metabolism orcatabolism of biochemical molecules necessary for energy production orstorage, 2) it modulates intra- or inter-cellular signaling, 3) itmodulates metabolism or catabolism of metabolically importantbiomolecules (e.g., glucocorticoids), 4) it modulates detoxification ofpotentially harmful compounds, 5) it modulates viral infection (e.g., bymodulating viral gene expression), and 6) it acts as a transcriptionalcofactor for viral gene activation.

[0194] The isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be used,for example, to express DHDR protein (e.g., via a recombinant expressionvector in a host cell in gene therapy applications), to detect DHDR mRNA(e.g., in a biological sample) or a genetic alteration in a DHDR gene,and to modulate DHDR activity, as described further below. The DHDRproteins can be used to treat disorders characterized by insufficient orexcessive production of a DHDR substrate or production of DHDRinhibitors. In addition, the DHDR proteins can be used to screen fornaturally occurring DHDR substrates, to screen for drugs or compoundswhich modulate DHDR activity, as well as to treat disorderscharacterized by insufficient or excessive production of DHDR protein orproduction of DHDR protein forms which have decreased, aberrant orunwanted activity compared to DHDR wild type protein (e.g.,dehydrogenase-associated disorders, such as CNS disorders (e.g.,Alzheimer's disease, dementias related to Alzheimer's disease (such asPick's disease), Parkinson's and other Lewy diffuse body diseases,senile dementia, Huntington's disease, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome,multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressivesupranuclear palsy, epilepsy, and Jakob-Creutzfieldt disease; autonomicfunction disorders such as hypertension and sleep disorders, andneuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia,schizoaffective disorder, korsakoff's psychosis, mania, anxietydisorders, or phobic disorders; learning or memory disorders, e.g.,amnesia or age-related memory loss, attention deficit disorder,dysthymic disorder, major depressive disorder, mania,obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychoactive substance use disorders,anxiety, phobias, panic disorder, and bipolar affective disorder (e.g.,severe bipolar affective (mood) disorder (BP-1) and bipolar affectiveneurological disorders (e.g., migraine and obesity)); cardiac disorders(e.g., arteriosclerosis, ischemia reperfusion injury, restenosis,arterial inflammation, vascular wall remodeling, ventricular remodeling,rapid ventricular pacing, coronary microembolism, tachycardia,bradycardia, pressure overload, aortic bending, coronary arteryligation, vascular heart disease, atrial fibrilation, Jervell syndrome,Lange-Nielsen syndrome, long-QT syndrome, congestive heart failure,sinus node dysfunction, angina, heart failure, hypertension, atrialfibrillation, atrial flutter, dilated cardiomyopathy, idiopathiccardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, coronaryartery spasm, and arrhythmia); muscular disorders (e.g., paralysis,muscle weakness (e.g., ataxia, myotonia, and myokymia), musculardystrophy (e.g., Duchenne muscular dystrophy or myotonic dystrophy),spinal muscular atrophy, congenital myopathies, central core disease,rod myopathy, central nuclear myopathy, Lambert-Eaton syndrome,denervation, and infantile spinal muscular atrophy (Werdnig-Hoffmandisease); cellular growth, differentiation, or migration disorders(e.g., cancer, e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, or leukemia; tumor angiogenesisand metastasis; skeletal dysplasia; neuronal deficiencies resulting fromimpaired neural induction and patterning); hepatic disorders;hematopoietic and/or myeloproliferative disorders; neurologicaldisorders (e.g., Sjogren-Larsson syndrome, disorders in GABA processingor reception), immune disorders (e.g., immune responses to pathogens,autoimmune disorders or immune deficit disorders); hormonal disorders(e.g., pituitary, insulin-dependent, thyroid, or fertility orreproductive disorders); and viral disorders (e.g., disorders caused oraffected by infection by a virus, such as hepatocellularcarcinoma,cirrhosis of the liver, cervical carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma,lymphoproliferative disease, Kaposi's sarcoma, T cell leukemia, B celllymphoma, plasmablastic lymphoma, Rasmussen's syndrome, Marek's disease,warts (including common, genital, and plantar warts), genital herpes,common colds, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), polymyositis,immunorestitution disease, chicken pox, shingles, ebola and otherhemorrhagic fever diseases, cold sores, transient or acute hepatitis,chronic hepatitis, influenza, Reye syndrome, measles, Paget's disease,viral encephalitis, viral pneumonia, and viral meningitis. Moreover, theanti-DHDR antibodies of the invention can be used to detect and isolateDHDR proteins, regulate the bioavailability of DHDR proteins, andmodulate DHDR activity.

[0195] A. Screening Assays:

[0196] The invention provides a method (also referred to herein as a“screening assay”) for identifying modulators, e.g., candidate or testcompounds or agents (e.g., peptides, peptidomimetics, small molecules orother drugs) which bind to DHDR proteins, have a stimulatory orinhibitory effect on, for example, DHDR expression or DHDR activity, orhave a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on, for example, the expressionor activity of DHDR substrate.

[0197] In one embodiment, the invention provides assays for screeningcandidate or test compounds which are substrates of a DHDR protein orpolypeptide or biologically active portion thereof (e.g., aldehydes,alcohols, or steroids (e.g., glucocorticoids)). In another embodiment,the invention provides assays for screening candidate or test compoundswhich bind to or modulate the activity of a DHDR protein or polypeptideor biologically active portion thereof (e.g., cofactor or coenzymeanalogs, or inhibitory molecules). The test compounds of the presentinvention can be obtained using any of the numerous approaches incombinatorial library methods known in the art, including: biologicallibraries; spatially addressable parallel solid phase or solution phaselibraries; synthetic library methods requiring deconvolution; the‘one-bead one-compound’ library method; and synthetic library methodsusing affinity chromatography selection. The biological library approachis limited to peptide libraries, while the other four approaches areapplicable to peptide, non-peptide oligomer or small molecule librariesof compounds (Lam, K. S. (1997) Anticancer Drug Des. 12:145).

[0198] Examples of methods for the synthesis of molecular libraries canbe found in the art, for example in: DeWitt et al. (1993) Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:6909; Erb et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA91:11422; Zuckermann et al. (1994). J. Med. Chem. 37:2678; Cho et al.(1993) Science 261:1303; Carrell et al. (1994) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.Engl. 33:2059; Carell et al. (1994) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 33:2061;and in Gallop et al. (1994) J. Med. Chem. 37:1233.

[0199] Libraries of compounds may be presented in solution (e.g.,Houghten (1992) Biotechniques 13:412-421), or on beads (Lam (1991)Nature 354:82-84), chips (Fodor (1993) Nature 364:555-556), bacteria(Ladner U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409), spores (Ladner U.S. Pat. No. '409),plasmids (Cull et al. (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:1865-1869) or onphage (Scott and Smith (1990) Science 249:386-390); (Devlin (1990)Science 249:404-406); (Cwirla et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.87:6378-6382); (Felici (1991) J. Mol. Biol. 222:301-310); (Ladnersupra.).

[0200] In one embodiment, an assay is a cell-based assay in which a cellwhich expresses a DHDR protein or biologically active portion thereof iscontacted with a test compound and the ability of the test compound tomodulate DHDR activity is determined. Determining the ability of thetest compound to modulate DHDR activity can be accomplished bymonitoring, for example, the production of one or more specificmetabolites in a cell which expresses DHDR (see, e.g., Saada et al.(2000) Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun. 269: 382-386). The cell, forexample, can be of mammalian origin, e.g., a liver cell, a neuronalcell, or a thymus cell. The ability of the test compound to modulateDHDR binding to a substrate (e.g., an alcohol, an aldehyde, or a steroid(e.g., a glucocorticoid)) or to bind to DHDR can also be determined.Determining the ability of the test compound to modulate DHDR binding toa substrate can be accomplished, for example, by coupling the DHDRsubstrate with a radioisotope or enzymatic label such that binding ofthe DHDR substrate to DHDR can be determined by detecting the labeledDHDR substrate in a complex. Alternatively, DHDR could be coupled with aradioisotope or enzymatic label to monitor the ability of a testcompound to modulate DHDR binding to a DHDR substrate in a complex.Determining the ability of the test compound to bind DHDR can beaccomplished, for example, by coupling the compound with a radioisotopeor enzymatic label such that binding of the compound to DHDR can bedetermined by detecting the labeled DHDR compound in a complex. Forexample, compounds (e.g., DHDR substrates) can be labeled with ¹²⁵I,³⁵S, ¹⁴C, or ³H, either directly or indirectly, and the radioisotopedetected by direct counting of radioemmission or by scintillationcounting. Alternatively, compounds can be enzymatically labeled with,for example, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, orluciferase, and the enzymatic label detected by determination ofconversion of an appropriate substrate to product.

[0201] It is also within the scope of this invention to determine theability of a compound (e.g., a DHDR substrate) to interact with DHDRwithout the labeling of any of the interactants. For example, amicrophysiometer can be used to detect the interaction of a compoundwith DHDR without the labeling of either the compound or the DHDR.McConnell, H. M. et al. (1992) Science 257:1906-1912. As used herein, a“microphysiometer” (e.g., Cytosensor) is an analytical instrument thatmeasures the rate at which a cell acidifies its environment using alight-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS). Changes in thisacidification rate can be used as an indicator of the interactionbetween a compound and DHDR.

[0202] In another embodiment, an assay is a cell-based assay comprisingcontacting a cell expressing a DHDR target molecule (e.g., a DHDRsubstrate) with a test compound and determining the ability of the testcompound to modulate (e.g., stimulate or inhibit) the activity of theDHDR target molecule. Determining the ability of the test compound tomodulate the activity of a DHDR target molecule can be accomplished, forexample, by determining the ability of the DHDR protein to bind to orinteract with the DHDR target molecule.

[0203] Determining the ability of the DHDR protein, or a biologicallyactive fragment thereof, to bind to or interact with a DHDR targetmolecule can be accomplished by one of the methods described above fordetermining direct binding. In a preferred embodiment, determining theability of the DHDR protein to bind to or interact with a DHDR targetmolecule can be accomplished by determining the activity of the targetmolecule. For example, the activity of the target molecule can bedetermined by detecting induction of a cellular response (i.e., changesin intracellular K⁺ levels or induction of viral gene expression),detecting catalytic/enzymatic activity of the target on an appropriatesubstrate, detecting the induction of a reporter gene (comprising atarget-responsive regulatory element operatively linked to a nucleicacid encoding a detectable marker, e.g., luciferase), or detecting atarget-regulated cellular response.

[0204] In yet another embodiment, an assay of the present invention is acell-free assay in which a DHDR protein or biologically active portionthereof is contacted with a test compound and the ability of the testcompound to bind to the DHDR protein or biologically active portionthereof is determined. Preferred biologically active portions of theDHDR proteins to be used in assays of the present invention includefragments which participate in interactions with non-DHDR molecules,e.g., fragments with high surface probability scores (see, for example,FIGS. 2, 7, 12, and 18). Binding of the test compound to the DHDRprotein can be determined either directly or indirectly as describedabove. In a preferred embodiment, the assay includes contacting the DHDRprotein or biologically active portion thereof with a known compoundwhich binds DHDR to form an assay mixture, contacting the assay mixturewith a test compound, and determining the ability of the test compoundto interact with a DHDR protein, wherein determining the ability of thetest compound to interact with a DHDR protein comprises determining theability of the test compound to preferentially bind to DHDR orbiologically active portion thereof as compared to the known compound.

[0205] In another embodiment, the assay is a cell-free assay in which aDHDR protein or biologically active portion thereof is contacted with atest compound and the ability of the test compound to modulate (e.g.,stimulate or inhibit) the activity of the DHDR protein or biologicallyactive portion thereof is determined. Determining the ability of thetest compound to modulate the activity of a DHDR protein can beaccomplished, for example, by determining the ability of the DHDRprotein to bind to a DHDR target molecule by one of the methodsdescribed above for determining direct binding. Determining the abilityof the DHDR protein to bind to a DHDR target molecule can also beaccomplished using a technology such as real-time BiomolecularInteraction Analysis (BIA). Sjolander, S. and Urbaniczky, C. (1991)Anal. Chem. 63:2338-2345 and Szabo et al. (1995) Curr. Opin. Struct.Biol. 5:699-705. As used herein, “BIA” is a technology for studyingbiospecific interactions in real time, without labeling any of theinteractants (e.g., BIAcore). Changes in the optical phenomenon ofsurface plasmon resonance (SPR) can be used as an indication ofreal-time reactions between biological molecules.

[0206] In an alternative embodiment, determining the ability of the testcompound to modulate the activity of a DHDR protein can be accomplishedby determining the ability of the DHDR protein to further modulate theactivity of a downstream effector of a DHDR target molecule. Forexample, the activity of the effector molecule on an appropriate targetcan be determined or the binding of the effector to an appropriatetarget can be determined as previously described.

[0207] In yet another embodiment, the cell-free assay involvescontacting a DHDR protein or biologically active portion thereof with aknown compound which binds the DHDR protein to form an assay mixture,contacting the assay mixture with a test compound, and determining theability of the test compound to interact with the DHDR protein, whereindetermining the ability of the test compound to interact with the DHDRprotein comprises determining the ability of the DHDR protein topreferentially bind to or catalyze the transfer of a hydride moiety toor from the target substrate.

[0208] In more than one embodiment of the above assay methods of thepresent invention, it may be desirable to immobilize either DHDR or itstarget molecule to facilitate separation of complexed from uncomplexedforms of one or both of the proteins, as well as to accommodateautomation of the assay. Binding of a test compound to a DHDR protein,or interaction of a DHDR protein with a target molecule in the presenceand absence of a candidate compound, can be accomplished in any vesselsuitable for containing the reactants. Examples of such vessels includemicrotitre plates, test tubes, and micro-centrifuge tubes. In oneembodiment, a fusion protein can be provided which adds a domain thatallows one or both of the proteins to be bound to a matrix. For example,glutathione-S-transferase/DHDR fusion proteins orglutathione-S-transferase/target fusion proteins can be adsorbed ontoglutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.) orglutathione derivatized microtitre plates, which are then combined withthe test compound or the test compound and either the non-adsorbedtarget protein or DHDR protein, and the mixture incubated underconditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiologicalconditions for salt and pH). Following incubation, the beads ormicrotitre plate wells are washed to remove any unbound components, thematrix immobilized in the case of beads, complex determined eitherdirectly or indirectly, for example, as described above. Alternatively,the complexes can be dissociated from the matrix, and the level of DHDRbinding or activity determined using standard techniques.

[0209] Other techniques for immobilizing proteins on matrices can alsobe used in the screening assays of the invention. For example, either aDHDR protein or a DHDR target molecule can be immobilized utilizingconjugation of biotin and streptavidin. Biotinylated DHDR protein ortarget molecules can be prepared from biotin-NHS (N-hydroxy-succinimide)using techniques known in the art (e.g., biotinylation kit, PierceChemicals, Rockford, Ill.), and immobilized in the wells ofstreptavidin-coated 96 well plates (Pierce Chemical). Alternatively,antibodies reactive with DHDR protein or target molecules but which donot interfere with binding of the DHDR protein to its target moleculecan be derivatized to the wells of the plate, and unbound target or DHDRprotein trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation. Methods fordetecting such complexes, in addition to those described above for theGST-immobilized complexes, include immunodetection of complexes usingantibodies reactive with the DHDR protein or target molecule, as well asenzyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an enzymatic activityassociated with the DHDR protein or target molecule.

[0210] In another embodiment, modulators of DHDR expression areidentified in a method wherein a cell is contacted with a candidatecompound and the expression of DHDR mRNA or protein in the cell isdetermined. The level of expression of DHDR mRNA or protein in thepresence of the candidate compound is compared to the level ofexpression of DHDR mRNA or protein in the absence of the candidatecompound. The candidate compound can then be identified as a modulatorof DHDR expression based on this comparison. For example, whenexpression of DHDR mRNA or protein is greater (statisticallysignificantly greater) in the presence of the candidate compound than inits absence, the candidate compound is identified as a stimulator ofDHDR mRNA or protein expression. Alternatively, when expression of DHDRmRNA or protein is less (statistically significantly less) in thepresence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidatecompound is identified as an inhibitor of DHDR mRNA or proteinexpression. The level of DHDR mRNA or protein expression in the cellscan be determined by methods described herein for detecting DHDR mRNA orprotein.

[0211] In yet another aspect of the invention, the DHDR proteins can beused as “bait proteins” in a two-hybrid assay or three-hybrid assay(see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,317; Zervos et al. (1993) Cell72:223-232; Madura et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:12046-12054; Bartelet al. (1993) Biotechniques 14:920-924; Iwabuchi et al. (1993) Oncogene8:1693-1696; and Brent WO94/10300), to identify other proteins, whichbind to or interact with DHDR (“DHDR-binding proteins” or “DHDR-6-bp” )and are involved in DHDR activity.

[0212] Such DHDR-binding proteins are also likely to be involved in thepropagation of signals by the DHDR proteins or DHDR targets as, forexample, downstream elements of a DHDR-mediated signaling pathway.Alternatively, such DHDR-binding proteins are likely to be DHDRinhibitors.

[0213] The two-hybrid system is based on the modular nature of mosttranscription factors, which consist of separable DNA-binding andactivation domains. Briefly, the assay utilizes two different DNAconstructs. In one construct, the gene that codes for a DHDR protein isfused to a gene encoding the DNA binding domain of a known transcriptionfactor (e.g., GAL-4). In the other construct, a DNA sequence, from alibrary of DNA sequences, that encodes an unidentified protein (“prey”or “sample”) is fused to a gene that codes for the activation domain ofthe known transcription factor. If the “bait” and the “prey” proteinsare able to interact, in vivo, forming a DHDR-dependent complex, theDNA-binding and activation domains of the transcription factor arebrought into close proximity. This proximity allows transcription of areporter gene (e.g., LacZ) which is operably linked to a transcriptionalregulatory site responsive to the transcription factor. Expression ofthe reporter gene can be detected and cell colonies containing thefunctional transcription factor can be isolated and used to obtain thecloned gene which encodes the protein which interacts with the DHDRprotein.

[0214] In another aspect, the invention pertains to a combination of twoor more of the assays described herein. For example, a modulating agentcan be identified using a cell-based or a cell free assay, and theability of the agent to modulate the activity of a DHDR protein can beconfirmed in vivo, e.g., in an animal such as an animal model forcellular transformation and/or tumorigenesis or an animal model forviral infection.

[0215] There are many animal models for viral infection known in theart. For example, a transgenic mouse model for hepatitis B virusinfection (HBV) (Guidotti, L. G. et al. (1995) J. Viorology69:6158-6169) may be used. High-level viral gene expression is presentin the liver and kidney tissues of these mice, and the hepatocytes ofthe mice replicate the virus at levels comparable to those in theinfected livers of patients with chronic hepatitis.

[0216] Another mouse model for HBV infection that may be used includesthe mouse model made by transplanting primary human hepatocytes intomice in a matrix under the kidney capsule along with administration ofan agonistic antibody against c-Met (Ohashi, K. et al. (2000) Nat. Med6:327-331). These mice are susceptible to HBV infection. Additionally,they are susceptible to super-infection with hepatitis delta virus(HDV).

[0217] Other mouse models for HBV infection that may be used include themice described in Babinet, C. et al. (1985) Science 230:1160-3; Lee,T.-H. et al. (1990) J. Virol. 64:5939-5947; Madden, C. R. et al. (2000)J. Virol. 74:5266-5272; Brown, J. J. et al. (2000) Hepatology31:173-181; Larkin, J. (1999) Nat. Med. 5:907-912; and Araki, K. et al.(1989) Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 86:207-11.

[0218] Chronic HBV infection is a major risk factor for hepatocellularcarcinoma (Beasley, R. P. (1988) Cancer 61:1942-1956; Slagle, B. et al.(1994) In Viruses and cancer, Minson, A. et al., eds., University ofCambridge, Cambridge, England 51:149-171), and mice transgenic for theHBV X gene have increased sensitivity to hepatocarcinogens (Slagle, B.L. et al. (1996) Mol. Carcinog. 15:261-269). The double transgenic mousestrain described in Madden et al. (supra) can be used to study theeffects of test compounds identified by the screening methods of theinvention in modulating HBV X-mediated hepatocarcinogen sensitivity. Forexample, the mice can be treated with a hepatocarcinogen and a testcompound, and the effect of the test compound on thehepatocarcinogen-mediated mutation rate of the host DNA can be assayedby functional analysis of a bacteriophage lambda transgene. Briefly, DNAisolated from the livers of such treated mice can be packaged intolambda phage particles and used to infect E. coli bacteria. Mutationrates of the lambda particles (methods for determination of which areknown in the art) are directly related to the HBV X-mediated host DNAmutation rates in response to the hepatorcarcinogen in the treated mice.

[0219] Other mouse models for HBV infection and HBV immunity that may beused include those made by trasplanting human peripheral bloodmononuclear cells (PBMC) from chronic HBV carriers and HBV-immunizeddonors, respectively, into lethally-irradiated Balb/c mice (Böcher, W.O. et al. (2000) Hepatology 31:480-487; Ilan, E. et al. (1999)Hepatology 29:553-562). Such human/mouse radiation chimeras, calledTrimera mice, may be used to study the effects of test compoundsidentified by the screening methods of the invention on human antibodyand T cell responses to HBV infection in vivo (Marcus, H. et al. (1995)Blood 86:398-406; Reisner, Y. et al. (1998) Trends Biotechnol16:242-246; Segall, H. et al. (1996) Blood 88:721-730; Böcher, W. O. etal. (1999) Immunology 96:634-641).

[0220] The effects of a modulating agent on HBV infection can also bestudied in other hepadnavirus animal models: the woodchuck hepatitisvirus (WHV) model (Korba, B. E. et al. (2000) Hepatology 31:1165-1175;Cote, P. J. et al. (2000) Hepatology 31:190-200), the duck hepatitis Bvirus (DHBV) model (Le Guerhier, F. et al. (2000) Antimicrob. Agents.Chemother. 44:111-122; Vickery, K. et al. (1999) J. Med. Virol.58:19-25), and the chimpanzee and ground and tree squirrel models(Caselmann, W. H. (1994) Antiviral Res. 24:121-129).

[0221] While an animal model for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection thatadequately reproduces the characteristics of HCV infection in humansdoes not yet exist, there is an HCV Trimera mouse model (Dekel, B. etal. (1995) J. Infect. Dis. 172:25-30), and there are some mouse strainsthat are transgenic for certain HCV proteins, and thus, may be usefulfor testing compounds that can modulate DHDR activity in vivo(Pasquinelli, C. et al. (1997) Hepatology 25:719-727).

[0222] Other animal models for viral infection are also known in the artand may be used in the screening assays of the present invention. Forexample, there are many animal models for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)associated lymphoproliferative disease. Such models have been made inrabbits, common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), cottontop tamarins(Saguinus oedipus oedipus), rhesus monkeys, and the severe combinedimmunodeficient (SCID) mouse (Johannessen, I. and Crawford, D. H. (1999)Rev. Med. Virol. 9:263-77; H layashi, K. and Akagi, T. (2000) Path.International 50:85-97). The mouse γ-herpesvirus 68 infection model(Speck, S. H. and Virgin, H. W. (1999) Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2:403-9;Virgin, H. W. and Speck, S. H. (1999) Curr. Opin. Immunol. 11:371-379)and the cotton rat model for measles virus infection (Niewiesk, S.(1999) Immunol. Lett. 65:47-50) present other examples of animal modelsthat may be used in the methods of the invention. Macaques infected withlive attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (Geretti, A. M.(1999) Rev. Med. Virol. 9:57-67; Almond, N. and Stott, J. (1999)Immunol. Lett. 66:167-170) as well as the chimpanzee HIV model (Murthy,K. K. et al. (1998) AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 14 Suppl 3:S271-6) canbe used as models for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

[0223] Other examples of animal models that may be used in the methodsof the invention include the transgenic mouse model for an AIDS-likedisease (Renkema, H. G. and Saksela, K. (2000) Front. Biosci.5:D268-83); the chicken model for lymphoma-inducing herpesviruses(Schat, K. A. and Xing, Z. (2000) Dev. Comp. Immunol. 24:201-21); andthe mouse model of cytomegalovirus infection (Sweet, C. (1999) FEMSMicrobiol. Rev. 23:457-82).

[0224] This invention further pertains to novel agents identified by theabove-described screening assays. Accordingly, it is within the scope ofthis invention to further use an agent identified as described herein inan appropriate animal model, as described above. For example, an agentidentified as described herein (e.g., a DHDR modulating agent, anantisense DHDR nucleic acid molecule, a DHDR-specific antibody, or aDHDR-binding partner) can be used in an animal model to determine theefficacy, toxicity, or side effects of treatment with such an agent.Alternatively, an agent identified as described herein can be used in ananimal model to determine the mechanism of action of such an agent.Furthermore, this invention pertains to uses of novel agents identifiedby the above-described screening assays for treatments as describedherein.

[0225] B. Detection Assays

[0226] Portions or fragments of the cDNA sequences identified herein(and the corresponding complete gene sequences) can be used in numerousways as polynucleotide reagents. For example, these sequences can beused to: (i) map their respective genes on a chromosome; and, thus,locate gene regions associated with genetic disease; (ii) identify anindividual from a minute biological sample (tissue typing); and (iii)aid in forensic identification of a biological sample. Theseapplications are described in the subsections below.

[0227] 1. Chromosome Mapping

[0228] Once the sequence (or a portion of the sequence) of a gene hasbeen isolated, this sequence can be used to map the location of the geneon a chromosome. This process is called chromosome mapping. Accordingly,portions or fragments of the DHDR nucleotide sequences, describedherein, can be used to map the location of the DHDR genes on achromosome. The mapping of the DHDR sequences to chromosomes is animportant first step in correlating these sequences with genesassociated with disease.

[0229] Briefly, DHDR genes can be mapped to chromosomes by preparing PCRprimers (preferably 15-25 bp in length) from the DHDR nucleotidesequences. Computer analysis of the DHDR sequences can be used topredict primers that do not span more than one exon in the genomic DNA,thus complicating the amplification process. These primers can then beused for PCR screening of somatic cell hybrids containing individualhuman chromosomes. Only those hybrids containing the human genecorresponding to the DHDR sequences will yield an amplified fragment.

[0230] Somatic cell hybrids are prepared by fusing somatic cells fromdifferent mammals (e.g., human and mouse cells). As hybrids of human andmouse cells grow and divide, they gradually lose human chromosomes inrandom order, but retain the mouse chromosomes. By using media in whichmouse cells cannot grow, because they lack a particular enzyme, buthuman cells can, the one human chromosome that contains the geneencoding the needed enzyme, will be retained. By using various media,panels of hybrid cell lines can be established. Each cell line in apanel contains either a single human chromosome or a small number ofhuman chromosomes, and a full set of mouse chromosomes, allowing easymapping of individual genes to specific human chromosomes. (D'EustachioP. et al (1983) Science 220:919-924). Somatic cell hybrids containingonly fragments of human chromosomes can also be produced by using humanchromosomes with translocations and deletions.

[0231] PCR mapping of somatic cell hybrids is a rapid procedure forassigning a particular sequence to a particular chromosome. Three ormore sequences can be assigned per day using a single thermal cycler.Using the DHDR nucleotide sequences to design oligonucleotide primers,sublocalization can be achieved with panels of fragments from specificchromosomes. Other mapping strategies which can similarly be used to mapa DHDR sequence to its chromosome include in situ hybridization(described in Fan, Y. et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,87:6223-27), pre-screening with labeled flow-sorted chromosomes, andpre-selection by hybridization to chromosome specific cDNA libraries.

[0232] Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of a DNA sequence to ametaphase chromosomal spread can further be used to provide a precisechromosomal location in one step. Chromosome spreads can be made usingcells whose division has been blocked in metaphase by a chemical such ascolcemid that disrupts the mitotic spindle. The chromosomes can betreated briefly with trypsin, and then stained with Giemsa. A pattern oflight and dark bands develops on each chromosome, so that thechromosomes can be identified individually. The FISH technique can beused with a DNA sequence as short as 500 or 600 bases. However, cloneslarger than 1,000 bases have a higher likelihood of binding to a uniquechromosomal location with sufficient signal intensity for simpledetection. Preferably 1,000 bases, and more preferably 2,000 bases willsuffice to get good results at a reasonable amount of time. For a reviewof this technique, see Verma et al., Human Chromosomes: A Manual ofBasic Techniques (Pergamon Press, New York 1988).

[0233] Reagents for chromosome mapping can be used individually to marka single chromosome or a single site on that chromosome, or panels ofreagents can be used for marking multiple sites and/or multiplechromosomes. Reagents corresponding to noncoding regions of the genesactually are preferred for mapping purposes. Coding sequences are morelikely to be conserved within gene families, thus increasing the chanceof cross hybridizations during chromosomal mapping.

[0234] Once a sequence has been mapped to a precise chromosomallocation, the physical position of the sequence on the chromosome can becorrelated with genetic map data. (Such data are found, for example, inV. McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in Man, available on-line throughJohns Hopkins University Welch Medical Library). The relationshipbetween a gene and a disease, mapped to the same chromosomal region, canthen be identified through linkage analysis (co-inheritance ofphysically adjacent genes), described in, for example, Egeland, J. etal. (1987) Nature, 325:783-787.

[0235] Moreover, differences in the DNA sequences between individualsaffected and unaffected with a disease associated with the DHDR gene canbe determined. If a mutation is observed in some or all of the affectedindividuals but not in any unaffected individuals, then the mutation islikely to be the causative agent of the particular disease. Comparisonof affected and unaffected individuals generally involves first lookingfor structural alterations in the chromosomes, such as deletions ortranslocations that are visible from chromosome spreads or detectableusing PCR based on that DNA sequence. Ultimately, complete sequencing ofgenes from several individuals can be performed to confirm the presenceof a mutation and to distinguish mutations from polymorphisms.

[0236] 2. Tissue Typing

[0237] The DHDR sequences of the present invention can also be used toidentify individuals from minute biological samples. The United Statesmilitary, for example, is considering the use of restriction fragmentlength polymorphism (RFLP) for identification of its personnel. In thistechnique, an individual's genomic DNA is digested with one or morerestriction enzymes, and probed on a Southern blot to yield unique bandsfor identification. This method does not suffer from the currentlimitations of “Dog Tags” which can be lost, switched, or stolen, makingpositive identification difficult. The sequences of the presentinvention are useful as additional DNA markers for RFLP (described inU.S. Pat. No. 5,272,057).

[0238] Furthermore, the sequences of the present invention can be usedto provide an alternative technique which determines the actualbase-by-base DNA sequence of selected portions of an individual'sgenome. Thus, the DHDR nucleotide sequences described herein can be usedto prepare two PCR primers from the 5′ and 3′ ends of the sequences.These primers can then be used to amplify an individual's DNA andsubsequently sequence it.

[0239] Panels of corresponding DNA sequences from individuals, preparedin this manner, can provide unique individual identifications, as eachindividual will have a unique set of such DNA sequences due to allelicdifferences. The sequences of the present invention can be used toobtain such identification sequences from individuals and from tissue.The DHDR nucleotide sequences of the invention uniquely representportions of the human genome. Allelic variation occurs to some degree inthe coding regions of these sequences, and to a greater degree in thenoncoding regions. It is estimated that allelic variation betweenindividual humans occurs with a frequency of about once per each 500bases. Each of the sequences described herein can, to some degree, beused as a standard against which DNA from an individual can be comparedfor identification purposes. Because greater numbers of polymorphismsoccur in the noncoding regions, fewer sequences are necessary todifferentiate individuals. The noncoding sequences of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7, or SEQ ID NO:10 can comfortably provide positiveindividual identification with a panel of perhaps 10 to 1,000 primerswhich each yield a noncoding amplified sequence of 100 bases. Ifpredicted coding sequences, such as those in SEQ ID NO:3 or 6 are used,a more appropriate number of primers for positive individualidentification would be 500-2,000.

[0240] If a panel of reagents from DHDR nucleotide sequences describedherein is used to generate a unique identification database for anindividual, those same reagents can later be used to identify tissuefrom that individual. Using the unique identification database, positiveidentification of the individual, living or dead, can be made fromextremely small tissue samples.

[0241] 3. Use of DHDR Sequences in Forensic Biology

[0242] DNA-based identification techniques can also be used in forensicbiology. Forensic biology is a scientific field employing genetic typingof biological evidence found at a crime scene as a means for positivelyidentifying, for example, a perpetrator of a crime. To make such anidentification, PCR technology can be used to amplify DNA sequencestaken from very small biological samples such as tissues, e.g., hair orskin, or body fluids, e.g., blood, saliva, or semen found at a crimescene. The amplified sequence can then be compared to a standard,thereby allowing identification of the origin of the biological sample.

[0243] The sequences of the present invention can be used to providepolynucleotide reagents, e.g., PCR primers, targeted to specific loci inthe human genome, which can enhance the reliability of DNA-basedforensic identifications by, for example, providing another“identification marker” (i.e. another DNA sequence that is unique to aparticular individual). As mentioned above, actual base sequenceinformation can be used for identification as an accurate alternative topatterns formed by restriction enzyme generated fragments. Sequencestargeted to noncoding regions of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7or SEQ ID NO:10 are particularly appropriate for this use as greaternumbers of polymorphisms occur in the noncoding regions, making iteasier to differentiate individuals using this technique. Examples ofpolynucleotide reagents include the DHDR nucleotide sequences orportions thereof, e.g., fragments derived from the noncoding regions ofSEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:10 having a length ofat least 20 bases, preferably at least 30 bases.

[0244] The DHDR nucleotide sequences described herein can further beused to provide polynucleotide reagents, e.g., labeled or labelableprobes which can be used in, for example, an in situ hybridizationtechnique, to identify a specific tissue, e.g., thymus or brain tissue.This can be very useful in cases where a forensic pathologist ispresented with a tissue of unknown origin. Panels of such DHDR probescan be used to identify tissue by species and/or by organ type.

[0245] In a similar fashion, these reagents, e.g., DHDR primers orprobes can be used to screen tissue culture for contamination (i.e.screen for the presence of a mixture of different types of cells in aculture).

[0246] C. Predictive Medicine:

[0247] The present invention also pertains to the field of predictivemedicine in which diagnostic assays, prognostic assays, and monitoringclinical trials are used for prognostic (predictive) purposes to therebytreat an individual prophylactically. Accordingly, one aspect of thepresent invention relates to diagnostic assays for determining DHDRprotein and/or nucleic acid expression as well as DHDR activity, in thecontext of a biological sample (e.g., blood, serum, cells, tissue) tothereby determine whether an individual is afflicted with a disease ordisorder, or is at risk of developing a disorder, associated withaberrant or unwanted DHDR expression or activity. The invention alsoprovides for prognostic (or predictive) assays for determining whetheran individual is at risk of developing a disorder associated with DHDRprotein, nucleic acid expression or activity. For example, mutations ina DHDR gene can be assayed in a biological sample. Such assays can beused for prognostic or predictive purpose to thereby phophylacticallytreat an individual prior to the onset of a disorder characterized by orassociated with DHDR protein, nucleic acid expression or activity.

[0248] Another aspect of the invention pertains to monitoring theinfluence of agents (e.g., drugs, compounds) on the expression oractivity of DHDR in clinical trials.

[0249] These and other agents are described in further detail in thefollowing sections.

[0250] 1. Diagnostic Assays

[0251] An exemplary method for detecting the presence or absence of DHDRprotein or nucleic acid in a biological sample involves obtaining abiological sample from a test subject and contacting the biologicalsample with a compound or an agent capable of detecting DHDR protein ornucleic acid (e.g., mRNA, or genomic DNA) that encodes DHDR protein suchthat the presence of DHDR protein or nucleic acid is detected in thebiological sample. A preferred agent for detecting DHDR mRNA or genomicDNA is a labeled nucleic acid probe capable of hybridizing to DHDR mRNAor genomic DNA. The nucleic acid probe can be, for example, the DHDRnucleic acid set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12, or theDNA insert of the plasmid deposited with ATCC as Accession Number______, or a portion thereof, such as an oligonucleotide of at least 15,30, 50, 100, 250 or 500 nucleotides in length and sufficient tospecifically hybridize under stringent conditions to DHDR mRNA orgenomic DNA. Other suitable probes for use in the diagnostic assays ofthe invention are described herein.

[0252] A preferred agent for detecting DHDR protein is an antibodycapable of binding to DHDR protein, preferably an antibody with adetectable label. Antibodies can be polyclonal, or more preferably,monoclonal. An intact antibody, or a fragment thereof (e.g., Fab orF(ab′)2) can be used. The term “labeled”, with regard to the probe orantibody, is intended to encompass direct labeling of the probe orantibody by coupling (i.e., physically linking) a detectable substanceto the probe or antibody, as well as indirect labeling of the probe orantibody by reactivity with another reagent that is directly labeled.Examples of indirect labeling include detection of a primary antibodyusing a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody and end-labeling of aDNA probe with biotin such that it can be detected with fluorescentlylabeled streptavidin. The term “biological sample” is intended toinclude tissues, cells and biological fluids isolated from a subject, aswell as tissues, cells and fluids present within a subject. That is, thedetection method of the invention can be used to detect DHDR mRNA,protein, or genomic DNA in a biological sample in vitro as well as invivo. For example, in vitro techniques for detection of DHDR mRNAinclude Northern hybridizations and in situ hybridizations. In vitrotechniques for detection of DHDR protein include enzyme linkedimmunosorbent assays (ELISAs), Western blots, immunoprecipitations andimmunofluorescence. In vitro techniques for detection of DHDR genomicDNA include Southern hybridizations. Furthermore, in vivo techniques fordetection of DHDR protein include introducing into a subject a labeledanti-DHDR antibody. For example, the antibody can be labeled with aradioactive marker whose presence and location in a subject can bedetected by standard imaging techniques.

[0253] In one embodiment, the biological sample contains proteinmolecules from the test subject. Alternatively, the biological samplecan contain mRNA molecules from the test subject or genomic DNAmolecules from the test subject. A preferred biological sample is aserum sample isolated by conventional means from a subject.

[0254] In another embodiment, the methods further involve obtaining acontrol biological sample from a control subject, contacting the controlsample with a compound or agent capable of detecting DHDR protein, mRNA,or genomic DNA, such that the presence of DHDR protein, mRNA or genomicDNA is detected in the biological sample, and comparing the presence ofDHDR protein, mRNA or genomic DNA in the control sample with thepresence of DHDR protein, mRNA or genomic DNA in the test sample.

[0255] The invention also encompasses kits for detecting the presence ofDHDR in a biological sample. For example, the kit can comprise a labeledcompound or agent capable of detecting DHDR protein or mRNA in abiological sample; means for determining the amount of DHDR in thesample; and means for comparing the amount of DHDR in the sample with astandard. The compound or agent can be packaged in a suitable container.The kit can further comprise instructions for using the kit to detectDHDR protein or nucleic acid.

[0256] 2. Prognostic Assays

[0257] The diagnostic methods described herein can furthermore beutilized to identify subjects having or at risk of developing a diseaseor disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted DHDR expression oractivity. As used herein, the term “aberrant” includes a DHDR expressionor activity which deviates from the wild type DHDR expression oractivity. Aberrant expression or activity includes increased ordecreased expression or activity, as well as expression or activitywhich does not follow the wild type developmental pattern of expressionor the subcellular pattern of expression. For example, aberrant DHDRexpression or activity is intended to include the cases in which amutation in the DHDR gene causes the DHDR gene to be under-expressed orover-expressed and situations in which such mutations result in anon-functional DHDR protein or a protein which does not function in awild-type fashion, e.g., a protein which does not interact with a DHDRsubstrate, or one which interacts with a non-DHDR substrate. As usedherein, the term “unwanted” includes an unwanted phenomenon involved ina biological response such as cellular proliferation. For example, theterm unwanted includes a DHDR expression or activity which isundesirable in a subject.

[0258] The assays described herein, such as the preceding diagnosticassays or the following assays, can be utilized to identify a subjecthaving or at risk of developing a disorder associated with amisregulation in DHDR protein activity or nucleic acid expression, suchas a CNS disorder (e.g., a cognitive or neurodegenerative disorder), acellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration disorder,a cardiovascular disorder, musculoskeletal disorder, an immune disorder,a viral disorder, or a hormonal disorder. Alternatively, the prognosticassays can be utilized to identify a subject having or at risk fordeveloping a disorder associated with a misregulation in DHDR proteinactivity or nucleic acid expression, such as a CNS disorder, a cellularproliferation, growth, differentiation, or migration disorder, amusculoskeletal disorder, a cardiovascular disorder, an immune disorder,a viral disorder, or a hormonal disorder. Thus, the present inventionprovides a method for identifying a disease or disorder associated withaberrant or unwanted DHDR expression or activity in which a test sampleis obtained from a subject and DHDR protein or nucleic acid (e.g., mRNAor genomic DNA) is detected, wherein the presence of DHDR protein ornucleic acid is diagnostic for a subject having or at risk of developinga disease or disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted DHDRexpression or activity. As used herein, a “test sample” refers to abiological sample obtained from a subject of interest. For example, atest sample can be a biological fluid (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid orserum), cell sample, or tissue sample (e.g., a liver sample).

[0259] Furthermore, the prognostic assays described herein can be usedto determine whether a subject can be administered an agent (e.g., anagonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic, protein, peptide, nucleic acid,small molecule, or other drug candidate) to treat a disease or disorderassociated with aberrant or unwanted DHDR expression or activity. Forexample, such methods can be used to determine whether a subject can beeffectively treated with an agent for a CNS disorder, a musculardisorder, a cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation, ormigration disorder, an immune disorder, a viral disorder, or a hormonaldisorder. Thus, the present invention provides methods for determiningwhether a subject can be effectively treated with an agent for adisorder associated with aberrant or unwanted DHDR expression oractivity in which a test sample is obtained and DHDR protein or nucleicacid expression or activity is detected (e.g., wherein the abundance ofDHDR protein or nucleic acid expression or activity is diagnostic for asubject that can be administered the agent to treat a disorderassociated with aberrant or unwanted DHDR expression or activity).

[0260] The methods of the invention can also be used to detect geneticalterations in a DHDR gene, thereby determining if a subject with thealtered gene is at risk for a disorder characterized by misregulation inDHDR protein activity or nucleic acid expression, such as a CNSdisorder, a musculoskeletal disorder, a cellular proliferation, growth,differentiation, or migration disorder, a cardiovascular disorder, animmune disorder, a viral disorder, or a hormonal disorder. In preferredembodiments, the methods include detecting, in a sample of cells fromthe subject, the presence or absence of a genetic alterationcharacterized by at least one of an alteration affecting the integrityof a gene encoding a DHDR-protein, or the mis-expression of the DHDRgene. For example, such genetic alterations can be detected byascertaining the existence of at least one of 1) a deletion of one ormore nucleotides from a DHDR gene; 2) an addition of one or morenucleotides to a DHDR gene; 3) a substitution of one or more nucleotidesof a DHDR gene, 4) a chromosomal rearrangement of a DHDR gene; 5) analteration in the level of a messenger RNA transcript of a DHDR gene, 6)aberrant modification of a DHDR gene, such as of the methylation patternof the genomic DNA, 7) the presence of a non-wild type splicing patternof a messenger RNA transcript of a DHDR gene, 8) a non-wild type levelof a DHDR-protein, 9) allelic loss of a DHDR gene, and 10) inappropriatepost-translational modification of a DHDR-protein. As described herein,there are a large number of assays known in the art which can be usedfor detecting alterations in a DHDR gene. A preferred biological sampleis a tissue (e.g., a liver sample) or serum sample isolated byconventional means from a subject.

[0261] In certain embodiments, detection of the alteration involves theuse of a probe/primer in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (see, e.g.,U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202), such as anchor PCR or RACE PCR,or, alternatively, in a ligation chain reaction (LCR) (see, e.g.,Landegran et al. (1988) Science 241:1077-1080; and Nakazawa et al.(1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:360-364), the latter of which canbe particularly useful for detecting point mutations in a DHDR gene (seeAbravaya et al. (1995) Nucleic Acids Res .23:675-682). This method caninclude the steps of collecting a sample of cells from a subject,isolating nucleic acid (e.g., genomic, mRNA or both) from the cells ofthe sample, contacting the nucleic acid sample with one or more primerswhich specifically hybridize to a DHDR gene under conditions such thathybridization and amplification of the DHDR gene (if present) occurs,and detecting the presence or absence of an amplification product, ordetecting the size of the amplification product and comparing the lengthto a control sample. It is anticipated that PCR and/or LCR may bedesirable to use as a preliminary amplification step in conjunction withany of the techniques used for detecting mutations described herein.

[0262] Alternative amplification methods include: self sustainedsequence replication (Guatelli, J. C. et al., (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 87:1874-1878), transcriptional amplification system (Kwoh, D.Y. et al., (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:1173-1177), Q-BetaReplicase (Lizardi, P. M. et al. (1988) Bio-Technology 6:1197), or anyother nucleic acid amplification method, followed by the detection ofthe amplified molecules using techniques well known to those of skill inthe art. These detection schemes are especially useful for the detectionof nucleic acid molecules if such molecules are present in very lownumbers.

[0263] In an alternative embodiment, mutations in a DHDR gene from asample cell can be identified by alterations in restriction enzymecleavage patterns. For example, sample and control DNA is isolated,amplified (optionally), digested with one or more restrictionendonucleases, and fragment length sizes are determined by gelelectrophoresis and compared. Differences in fragment length sizesbetween sample and control DNA indicates mutations in the sample DNA.Moreover, the use of sequence specific ribozymes (see, for example, U.S.Pat. No. 5,498,531) can be used to score for the presence of specificmutations by development or loss of a ribozyme cleavage site.

[0264] In other embodiments, genetic mutations in DHDR can be identifiedby hybridizing a sample and control nucleic acids, e.g., DNA or RNA, tohigh density arrays containing hundreds or thousands of oligonucleotidesprobes (Cronin, M. T. et al. (1996) Human Mutation 7: 244-255; Kozal, M.J. et al. (1996) Nature Medicine 2: 753-759). For example, geneticmutations in DHDR can be identified in two dimensional arrays containinglight-generated DNA probes as described in Cronin, M. T. et al. supra.Briefly, a first hybridization array of probes can be used to scanthrough long stretches of DNA in a sample and control to identify basechanges between the sequences by making linear arrays of sequentialoverlapping probes. This step allows the identification of pointmutations. This step is followed by a second hybridization array thatallows the characterization of specific mutations by using smaller,specialized probe arrays complementary to all variants or mutationsdetected. Each mutation array is composed of parallel probe sets, onecomplementary to the wild-type gene and the other complementary to themutant gene.

[0265] In yet another embodiment, any of a variety of sequencingreactions known in the art can be used to directly sequence the DHDRgene and detect mutations by comparing the sequence of the sample DHDRwith the corresponding wild-type (control) sequence. Examples ofsequencing reactions include those based on techniques developed byMaxam and Gilbert ((1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:560) or Sanger((1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463). It is also contemplatedthat any of a variety of automated sequencing procedures can be utilizedwhen performing the diagnostic assays ((1995) Biotechniques 19:448),including sequencing by mass spectrometry (see, e.g., PCT InternationalPublication No. WO 94/16101; Cohen et al. (1996) Adv. Chromatogr.36:127-162; and Griffin et al. (1993) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.38:147-159).

[0266] Other methods for detecting mutations in the DHDR gene includemethods in which protection from cleavage agents is used to detectmismatched bases in RNA/RNA or RNA/DNA heteroduplexes (Myers et al.(1985) Science 230:1242). In general, the art technique of “mismatchcleavage” starts by providing heteroduplexes of formed by hybridizing(labeled) RNA or DNA containing the wild-type DHDR sequence withpotentially mutant RNA or DNA obtained from a tissue sample. Thedouble-stranded duplexes are treated with an agent which cleavessingle-stranded regions of the duplex such as which will exist due tobasepair mismatches between the control and sample strands. Forinstance, RNA/DNA duplexes can be treated with RNase and DNA/DNA hybridstreated with S1 nuclease to enzymatically digesting the mismatchedregions. In other embodiments, either DNA/DNA or RNA/DNA duplexes can betreated with hydroxylamine or osmium tetroxide and with piperidine inorder to digest mismatched regions. After digestion of the mismatchedregions, the resulting material is then separated by size on denaturingpolyacrylamide gels to determine the site of mutation. See, for example,Cotton et al. (1988) Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 85:4397; Saleeba et al.(1992) Methods Enzymol. 217:286-295. In a preferred embodiment, thecontrol DNA or RNA can be labeled for detection.

[0267] In still another embodiment, the mismatch cleavage reactionemploys one or more proteins that recognize mismatched base pairs indouble-stranded DNA (so called “DNA mismatch repair” enzymes) in definedsystems for detecting and mapping point mutations in DHDR cDNAs obtainedfrom samples of cells. For example, the mutY enzyme of E. coli cleaves Aat G/A mismatches and the thymidine DNA glycosylase from HeLa cellscleaves T at G/T mismatches (Hsu et al. (1994) Carcinogenesis15:1657-1662). According to an exemplary embodiment, a probe based on aDHDR sequence, e.g., a wild-type DHDR sequence, is hybridized to a cDNAor other DNA product from a test cell(s). The duplex is treated with aDNA mismatch repair enzyme, and the cleavage products, if any, can bedetected from electrophoresis protocols or the like. See, for example,U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,039.

[0268] In other embodiments, alterations in electrophoretic mobilitywill be used to identify mutations in DHDR genes. For example, singlestrand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) may be used to detectdifferences in electrophoretic mobility between mutant and wild typenucleic acids (Orita et al. (1989) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci USA: 86:2766,see also Cotton (1993) Mutat. Res. 285:125-144; and Hayashi (1992)Genet. Anal. Tech. Appl. 9:73-79). Single-stranded DNA fragments ofsample and control DHDR nucleic acids will be denatured and allowed torenature. The secondary structure of single-stranded nucleic acidsvaries according to sequence, the resulting alteration inelectrophoretic mobility enables the detection of even a single basechange. The DNA fragments may be labeled or detected with labeledprobes. The sensitivity of the assay may be enhanced by using RNA(rather than DNA), in which the secondary structure is more sensitive toa change in sequence. In a preferred embodiment, the subject methodutilizes heteroduplex analysis to separate double stranded heteroduplexmolecules on the basis of changes in electrophoretic mobility (Keen etal. (1991) Trends Genet 7:5).

[0269] In yet another embodiment the movement of mutant or wild-typefragments in polyacrylamide gels containing a gradient of denaturant isassayed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) (Myers etal. (1985) Nature 313:495). When DGGE is used as the method of analysis,DNA will be modified to insure that it does not completely denature, forexample by adding a GC clamp of approximately 40 bp of high-meltingGC-rich DNA by PCR. In a further embodiment, a temperature gradient isused in place of a denaturing gradient to identify differences in themobility of control and sample DNA (Rosenbaum and Reissner (1987)Biophys Chem 265:12753).

[0270] Examples of other techniques for detecting point mutationsinclude, but are not limited to, selective oligonucleotidehybridization, selective amplification, or selective primer extension.For example, oligonucleotide primers may be prepared in which the knownmutation is placed centrally and then hybridized to target DNA underconditions which permit hybridization only if a perfect match is found(Saiki et al. (1986) Nature 324:163); Saiki et al (1989) Proc. NatlAcad. Sci USA 86:6230). Such allele specific oligonucleotides arehybridized to PCR amplified target DNA or a number of differentmutations when the oligonucleotides are attached to the hybridizingmembrane and hybridized with labeled target DNA.

[0271] Alternatively, allele specific amplification technology whichdepends on selective PCR amplification may be used in conjunction withthe instant invention. Oligonucleotides used as primers for specificamplification may carry the mutation of interest in the center of themolecule (so that amplification depends on differential hybridization)(Gibbs et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:2437-2448) or at the extreme3′ end of one primer where, under appropriate conditions, mismatch canprevent, or reduce polymerase extension (Prossner (1993) Tibtech11:238). In addition it may be desirable to introduce a novelrestriction site in the region of the mutation to create cleavage-baseddetection (Gasparini et al. (1992) Mol. Cell Probes 6:1). It isanticipated that in certain embodiments amplification may also beperformed using Taq ligase for amplification (Barany (1991) Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci USA 88:189). In such cases, ligation will occur only if thereis a perfect match at the 3′ end of the 5′ sequence making it possibleto detect the presence of a known mutation at a specific site by lookingfor the presence or absence of amplification.

[0272] The methods described herein may be performed, for example, byutilizing pre-packaged diagnostic kits comprising at least one probenucleic acid or antibody reagent described herein, which may beconveniently,used, e.g., in clinical settings to diagnose patientsexhibiting symptoms or family history of a disease or illness involvinga DHDR gene.

[0273] Furthermore, any cell type or tissue in which DHDR is expressedmay be utilized in the prognostic assays described herein.

[0274] 3. Monitoring of Effects During Clinical Trials

[0275] Monitoring the influence of agents (e.g., drugs) on theexpression or activity of a DHDR protein (e.g., the modulation of avirus infection and/or the modulation of cell proliferation and/ormigration) can be applied not only in basic drug screening, but also inclinical trials. For example, the effectiveness of an agent determinedby a screening assay, as described herein to increase DHDR geneexpression, protein levels, or upregulate DHDR activity, can bemonitored in clinical trials of subjects exhibiting decreased DHDR geneexpression, protein levels, or downregulated DHDR activity.Alternatively, the effectiveness of an agent determined by a screeningassay to decrease DHDR gene expression, protein levels, or downregulateDHDR activity, can be monitored in clinical trials of subjectsexhibiting increased DHDR gene expression, protein levels, orupregulated DHDR activity. In such clinical trials, the expression oractivity of a DHDR gene, and preferably, other genes that have beenimplicated in, for example, a DHDR-associated disorder can be used as a“read out” or markers of the phenotype of a particular cell.

[0276] For example, and not by way of limitation, genes, including DHDR,that are modulated in cells by treatment with an agent (e.g., compound,drug or small molecule) which modulates DHDR activity (e.g., identifiedin a screening assay as described herein) can be identified. Thus, tostudy the effect of agents on DHDR-associated disorders (e.g., disorderscharacterized by viral infection and/or deregulated cell proliferationand/or migration), for example, in a clinical trial, cells can beisolated and RNA prepared and analyzed for the levels of expression ofDHDR and other genes implicated in the DHDR-associated disorder,respectively. The levels of gene expression (e.g., a gene expressionpattern) can be quantified by northern blot analysis or RT-PCR, asdescribed herein, or alternatively by measuring the amount of proteinproduced, by one of the methods as described herein, or by measuring thelevels of activity of DHDR or other genes. In this way, the geneexpression pattern can serve as a marker, indicative of thephysiological response of the cells to the agent. Accordingly, thisresponse state may be determined before, and at various points duringtreatment of the individual with the agent.

[0277] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides amethod for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment of a subject withan agent (e.g., an agonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic, protein,peptide, nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drug candidateidentified by the screening assays described herein) including the stepsof (i) obtaining a pre-administration sample from a subject prior toadministration of the agent; (ii) detecting the level of expression of aDHDR protein, mRNA, or genomic DNA in the preadministration sample;(iii) obtaining one or more post-administration samples from thesubject; (iv) detecting the level of expression or activity of the DHDRprotein, mRNA, or genomic DNA in the post-administration samples; (v)comparing the level of expression or activity of the DHDR protein, mRNA,or genomic DNA in the pre-administration sample with the DHDR protein,mRNA, or genomic DNA in the post administration sample or samples; and(vi) altering the administration of the agent to the subjectaccordingly. For example, increased administration of the agent may bedesirable to increase the expression or activity of DHDR to higherlevels than detected, i.e., to increase the effectiveness of the agent.Alternatively, decreased administration of the agent may be desirable todecrease expression or activity of DHDR to lower levels than detected,i.e. to decrease the effectiveness of the agent. According to such anembodiment, DHDR expression or activity may be used as an indicator ofthe effectiveness of an agent, even in the absence of an observablephenotypic response.

[0278] D. Methods of Treatment:

[0279] The present invention provides for both prophylactic andtherapeutic methods of treating a subject at risk of (or susceptible to)a disorder or having a disorder associated with aberrant or unwantedDHDR expression or activity, e.g., a dehydrogenase-associated disordersuch as a CNS disorder; a cellular proliferation, growth,differentiation, or migration disorder; a, musculoskeletal disorder; acardiovascular disorder; an immune disorder; a viral disorder; or ahormonal disorder. With regard to both prophylactic and therapeuticmethods of treatment, such treatments may be specifically tailored ormodified, based on knowledge obtained from the field ofpharmacogenomics. “Pharmacogenomics”, as used herein, refers to theapplication of genomics technologies such as gene sequencing,statistical genetics, and gene expression analysis to drugs in clinicaldevelopment and on the market. More specifically, the term refers thestudy of how a patient's genes determine his or her response to a drug(e.g, a patient's “drug response phenotype”, or “drug responsegenotype”). Thus, another aspect of the invention provides methods fortailoring an individual's prophylactic or therapeutic treatment witheither the DHDR molecules of the present invention or DHDR modulatorsaccording to that individual's drug response genotype. Pharmacogenomicsallows a clinician or physician to target prophylactic or therapeutictreatments to patients who will most benefit from the treatment and toavoid treatment of patients who will experience toxic drug-related sideeffects.

[0280] 1. Prophylactic Methods

[0281] In one aspect, the invention provides a method for preventing ina subject, a disease or condition associated with an aberrant orunwanted DHDR expression or activity, by administering to the subject aDHDR or an agent which modulates DHDR expression or at least one DHDRactivity. Subjects at risk for a disease which is caused or contributedto by aberrant or unwanted DHDR expression or activity can be identifiedby, for example, any or a combination of diagnostic or prognostic assaysas described herein. Administration of a prophylactic agent can occurprior to the manifestation of symptoms characteristic of the DHDRaberrancy, such that a disease or disorder is prevented or,alternatively, delayed in its progression. Depending on the type of DHDRaberrancy, for example, a DHDR, DHDR agonist or DHDR antagonist agentcan be used for treating the subject. The appropriate agent can bedetermined based on screening assays described herein.

[0282] 2. Therapeutic Methods

[0283] Another aspect of the invention pertains to methods of modulatingDHDR expression or activity for therapeutic purposes. Accordingly, in anexemplary embodiment, the modulatory method of the invention involvescontacting a cell with a DHDR or agent that modulates one or more of theactivities of DHDR protein activity associated with the cell. An agentthat modulates DHDR protein activity can be an agent as describedherein, such as a nucleic acid or a protein, a naturally-occurringtarget molecule of a DHDR protein (e.g., a DHDR substrate), a DHDRantibody, a DHDR agonist or antagonist, a peptidomimetic of a DHDRagonist or antagonist, or other small molecule. In one embodiment, theagent stimulates one or more DHDR activities. Examples of suchstimulatory agents include active DHDR protein and a nucleic acidmolecule encoding DHDR that has been introduced into the cell. Inanother embodiment, the agent inhibits one or more DHDR activities.Examples of such inhibitory agents include antisense DHDR nucleic acidmolecules, anti-DHDR antibodies, and DHDR inhibitors. These modulatorymethods can be performed in vitro (e.g., by culturing the cell with theagent) or, alternatively, in vivo (e.g., by administering the agent to asubject). As such, the present invention provides methods of treating anindividual afflicted with a disease or disorder characterized byaberrant or unwanted expression or activity of a DHDR protein or nucleicacid molecule. In one embodiment, the method involves administering anagent (e.g., an agent identified by a screening assay described herein),or combination of agents that modulates (e.g., upregulates ordownregulates) DHDR expression or activity. In another embodiment, themethod involves administering a DHDR protein or nucleic acid molecule astherapy to compensate for reduced, aberrant, or unwanted DHDR expressionor activity.

[0284] Stimulation of DHDR activity is desirable in situations in whichDHDR is abnormally downregulated and/or in which increased DHDR activityis likely to have a beneficial effect. Likewise, inhibition of DHDRactivity is desirable in situations in which DHDR is abnormallyupregulated and/or in which decreased DHDR activity is likely to have abeneficial effect.

[0285] 3. Pharmacogenomics

[0286] The DHDR molecules of the present invention, as well as agents,or modulators which have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on DHDRactivity (e.g., DHDR gene expression) as identified by a screening assaydescribed herein can be administered to individuals to treat(prophylactically or therapeutically) DHDR-associated disorders (e.g.,proliferative disorders, CNS disorders, cardiac disorders, metabolicdisorders, or muscular disorders) associated with aberrant or unwantedDHDR activity. In conjunction with such treatment, pharmacogenomics(i.e., the study of the relationship between an individual's genotypeand that individual's response to a foreign compound or drug) may beconsidered. Differences in metabolism of therapeutics can lead to severetoxicity or therapeutic failure by altering the relation between doseand blood concentration of the pharmacologically active drug. Thus, aphysician or clinician may consider applying knowledge obtained inrelevant pharmacogenomics studies in determining whether to administer aDHDR molecule or DHDR modulator as well as tailoring the dosage and/ortherapeutic regimen of treatment with a DHDR molecule or DHDR modulator.

[0287] Pharmacogenomics deals with clinically significant hereditaryvariations in the response to drugs due to altered drug disposition andabnormal action in affected persons. See, for example, Eichelbaum, M. etal. (1996) Clin. Exp.Pharmacol. Physiol. 23(10-11): 983-985 and Linder,M. W. et al. (1997) Clin. Chem. 43(2):254-266. In general, two types ofpharmacogenetic conditions can be differentiated. Genetic conditionstransmitted as a single factor altering the way drugs act on the body(altered drug action) or genetic conditions transmitted as singlefactors altering the way the body acts on drugs (altered drugmetabolism). These pharmacogenetic conditions can occur either as raregenetic defects or as naturally-occurring polymorphisms. For example,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) is a commoninherited enzymopathy in which the main clinical complication ishaemolysis after ingestion of oxidant drugs (anti-malarials,sulfonamides, analgesics, nitrofurans) and consumption of fava beans.

[0288] One pharmacogenomics approach to identifying genes that predictdrug response, known as “a genome-wide association”, relies primarily ona high-resolution map of the human genome consisting of already knowngene-related markers (e.g., a “bi-allelic” gene marker map whichconsists of 60,000-100,000 polymorphic or variable sites on the humangenome, each of which has two variants.) Such a high-resolution geneticmap can be compared to a map of the genome of each of a statisticallysignificant number of patients taking part in a Phase II/III drug trialto identify markers associated with a particular observed drug responseor side effect. Alternatively, such a high resolution map can begenerated from a combination of some ten-million known single nucleotidepolymorphisms (SNPs) in the human genome. As used herein, a “SNP” is acommon alteration that occurs in a single nucleotide base in a stretchof DNA. For example, a SNP may occur once per every 1000 bases of DNA. ASNP may be involved in a disease process, however, the vast majority maynot be disease-associated. Given a genetic map based on the occurrenceof such SNPs, individuals can be grouped into genetic categoriesdepending on a particular pattern of SNPs in their individual genome. Insuch a manner, treatment regimens can be tailored to groups ofgenetically similar individuals, taking into account traits that may becommon among such genetically similar individuals.

[0289] Alternatively, a method termed the “candidate gene approach”, canbe utilized to identify genes that predict drug response. According tothis method, if a gene that encodes a drugs target is known (e.g., aDHDR protein of the present invention), all common variants of that genecan be fairly easily identified in the population and it can bedetermined if having one version of the gene versus another isassociated with a particular drug response.

[0290] As an illustrative embodiment, the activity of drug metabolizingenzymes is a major determinant of both the intensity and duration ofdrug action. The discovery of genetic polymorphisms of drug metabolizingenzymes (e.g., N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT 2) and cytochrome P450 enzymesCYP2D6 and CYP2C19) has provided an explanation as to why some patientsdo not obtain the expected drug effects or show exaggerated drugresponse and serious toxicity after taking the standard and safe dose ofa drug. These polymorphisms are expressed in two phenotypes in thepopulation, the extensive metabolizer (EM) and poor metabolizer (PM).The prevalence of PM is different among different populations. Forexample, the gene coding for CYP2D6 is highly polymorphic and severalmutations have been identified in PM, which all lead to the absence offunctional CYP2D6. Poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 quitefrequently experience exaggerated drug response and side effects whenthey receive standard doses. If a metabolite is the active therapeuticmoiety, PM show no therapeutic response, as demonstrated for theanalgesic effect of codeine mediated by its CYP2D6-formed metabolitemorphine. The other extreme are the so called ultra-rapid metabolizerswho do not respond to standard doses. Recently, the molecular basis ofultra-rapid metabolism has been identified to be due to CYP2D6 geneamplification.

[0291] Alternatively, a method termed the “gene expression profiling”can be utilized to identify genes that predict drug response. Forexample, the gene expression of an animal dosed with a drug (e.g., aDHDR molecule or DHDR modulator of the present invention) can give anindication whether gene pathways related to toxicity have been turnedon.

[0292] Information generated from more than one of the abovepharmacogenomics approaches can be used to determine appropriate dosageand treatment regimens for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment anindividual. This knowledge, when applied to dosing or drug selection,can avoid adverse reactions or therapeutic failure and thus enhancetherapeutic or prophylactic efficiency when treating a subject with aDHDR molecule or DHDR modulator, such as a modulator identified by oneof the exemplary screening assays described herein.

[0293] This invention is further illustrated by the following exampleswhich should not be construed as limiting. The contents of allreferences, patents, and published patent applications cited throughoutthis application, as well as the figures and the sequence listing, areincorporated herein by reference.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Identification and Characterization of Human DHDRcDNA

[0294] In this example, the identification and characterization of thegene encoding human DHDR-1 (clone Fbh32142), DHDR-2 (clone Fbh21481),DHDR-3 (clone Fbh25964) and DHDR-4 (clone Fbh21686) is described.

[0295] Isolation of the DHDR cDNA

[0296] The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery ofseveral human genes encoding novel proteins, referred to herein asDHDR-1, DHDR-2, DHDR-3 and DHDR-4. The entire sequences of human clonesFbh32142, Fbh21481, Fbh25964, and Fbh21686 were determined and found tocontain open reading frames termed human “DHDR-1 ”, “DHDR-2”, “DHDR-3”,and DHDR-4”, respectively, set forth in FIGS. 1, 6, 11, and 16,respectively. The amino acid sequences of these human DHDR expressionproducts are set forth in FIGS. 1, 6, 11, and 16, respectively. TheDHDR-1 protein sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 comprises about 802amino acids and is shown in FIG. 1. The DHDR-2 protein sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO: 5 comprises about 311 amino acids and is shown inFIG. 6. The DHDR-3 protein sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 comprisesabout 369 amino acids and is shown in FIG. 11. The DHDR-4 proteinsequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11 comprises about 322 amino acids andis shown in FIG. 16. The coding regions (open reading frames) of SEQ IDNOs:1, 4, 7 and 10 are set forth as SEQ ID NOs:3, 6, 9 and 12. ClonesFbh32142, Fbh21481, Fbh25964 and Fbh21686, comprising the coding regionof human DHDR-1, DHDR-2, DHDR-3, and DHDR-4, respectively, weredeposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC®), 10801University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, on ______, and assignedAccession Nos. ______.

[0297] Analysis of the Human DHDR Molecules

[0298] The amino acid sequences of human DHDR-1, DHDR-2, DHDR-3, andDHDR-4 were analyzed using the program PSORT(http://www.psort.nibb.ac.jp) to predict the localization of theproteins within the cell. This program assesses the presence ofdifferent targeting and localization amino acid sequences within thequery sequence. The results of the analyses show that human DHDR-1 (SEQID NO:2) may be localized to the mitochondrion, to the endoplasmicreticulum, to the nucleus, or to secretory vesicles. The results of theanalyses further show that human DHDR-2 (SEQ ID NO:5) may be localizedto the mitochondrion, to the cytoplasm, to extracellular spaces or thecell wall, to vacuoles, to the nucleus, or to the endoplasmic reticulum.The results of the analyses further show that human DHDR-3 (SEQ ID NO:8)may be localized to the cytoplasm, to the mitochondrion, to the Golgi,to the endoplasmic reticulum, to the extracellular space or cell wall,to vacuoles, to the nucleus, or to secretory vesicles. The results ofthe analyses further show that human DHDR-4 (SEQ ID NO:11) may belocalized to the nucleus, the cytoplasm, to the Golgi, to themitochondrion, to peroxisomes, to the endoplasmic reticulum, or tosecretory vesicles.

[0299] An alignment of the human DHDR-4 amino acid sequence with theamino acid sequence of Rattus norvegicus putative short-chaindehydrogenase/reductase (Accession Number AF099742) using the CLUSTAL W(1.74) multiple sequence alignment program is set forth in FIG. 17.

[0300] Each of the amino acid sequences of DHDR-1, DHDR-2, DHDR-3, andDHDR-4 were analyzed by the SignalP program (Henrik, et al. (1997)Protein Engineering 10:1-6) for the presence of a signal peptide. Theseanalyses revealed the presence of a signal peptide in the amino acidsequence of DHDR-2 from residues 1-18 (FIG. 8). These analyses furtherrevealed the possible presence of a signal peptide in the amino acidsequence of DHDR-4, from residues 1-19 (FIG. 19).

[0301] Searches of each of the amino acid sequences of DHDR-1, DHDR-2,DHDR-3, and DHDR-4 were performed against the Memsat database (FIGS. 3,8, 13, and 19). These searches resulted in the identification of onetransmembrane domain in the amino acid sequence of human DHDR-1 (SEQ IDNO:2) at about residues 159-175, and one transmembrane domain in theamino acid sequence of human DHDR-2 (SEQ ID NO:5) at about residues 7-23in the native molecule, or about residues 265-283 of the predictedmature protein. These searches further identified four transmembranedomains in the amino acid sequence of human DHDR-3 (SEQ ID NO:8) atabout residues 10-26, 73-90, 289-305, and 312-333, and fourtransmembrane domains in the amino acid sequence of human DHDR-4 (SEQ IDNO:11) at about residues 29-50, 170-188, 208-224, and 258-275 of thenative molecule, and at about residues 10-31, 151-169, 189-205, and239-256 of the predicted mature protein.

[0302] Searches of each of the amino acid sequences of DHDR-1, DHDR-2,DHDR-3, and DHDR-4 were also performed against the HMM database (FIGS.4, 9, 14, and 20). These searches resulted in the identification of an“aldehyde dehydrogenase family domain” in the amino acid sequence ofDHDR-1 (SEQ ID NO:2) at about residues 47-494 (score=149.8) (FIG. 4);the identification of a “short-chain dehydrogenase domain” in the aminoacid sequence of DHDR-2 (SEQ ID NO:5) at about residues 38-227(score=120.0) (FIG. 9), and the identification of a “3-betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain” at about residues 1-365(score=676.9), a “short chain dehydrogenase domain” at about residues10-197, and a “NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase domain” at aboutresidues 12-365 of the amino acid sequence of DHDR-3 (SEQ ID NO:8) (FIG.14). These searches further resulted in the identification of a “shortchain dehydrogenase domain” at about residues 38-226 (score=162.5), anda “short chain dehydrogenase/reductase domain” at about residues 250-280(score=47.2) of the amino acid sequence of DHDR-4 (SEQ ID NO:11) (FIG.20).

[0303] Searches of each of the amino acid sequences of DHDR-1, DHDR-2,DHDR-3, and DHDR-4 were also performed against the ProDom database(FIGS. 5, 10, 15, and 21). These searches resulted in the identificationof an “aldehyde dehydrogenase oxidoreductase domain” in the amino acidsequence of human DHDR-1 (SEQ ID NO:2) at about residues 101-770(score=280) (FIG. 5), and the identification of an “oxidoreductaseprotein dehydrogenase domain” in the amino acid sequence of human DHDR-2(SEQ ID NO:5) at about residues 99-219 (score=113) (FIG. 10). Thesesearches further resulted in the identification of a “3-betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain” in the amino acid sequence of humanDHDR-3 (SEQ ID NO:8) at about residues 11-362 (score=395) (FIG. 15).These searches further resulted in the identification of an“oxidoreductase protein dehydrogenase domain” at about residues 37-231(score=157), a “shikimate 5-dehydrogenase domain” at about residues35-82 (score=86), a “dehydrogenase domain” at about residues 237-286(score=84), and a “glucose-1-dehydrogenase domain” at about residues243-287 (score=92) of the amino acid sequence of DHDR-4 (SEQ ID NO:11)(FIG. 21).

[0304] Tissue Distribution of DHDR-4 mRNA

[0305] This example describes the tissue distribution of human DHDR-4cDNA, as determined using the TaqMan™ procedure. The Taqman™ procedureis a quantitative, real-time PCR-based approach to detecting mRNA. TheRT-PCR reaction exploits the 5′ nuclease activity of AmpliTaq Gold™ DNAPolymerase to cleave a TaqMan™ probe during PCR. Briefly, cDNA isgenerated from the samples of interest and serves as the startingmaterial for PCR amplification. In addition to the 5′ and 3′gene-specific primers, a gene-specific oligonucleotide probe(complementary to the region being amplified) is included in thereaction (i.e., the Taqman™ probe). The TaqMan™ probe includes theoligonucleotide with a fluorescent reporter dye covalently linked to the5′ end of the probe (such as FAM (6-carboxyfluorescein), TET(6-carboxy-4,7,2′,7′-tetrachlorofluorescein), JOE(6-carboxy-4,5-dichloro-2,7-dimethoxyfluorescein), or VIC) and aquencher dye (TAMRA (6-carboxy-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylrhodamine) at the 3′end of the probe. During the PCR reaction, cleavage of the probeseparates the reporter dye and the quencher dye, resulting in increasedfluorescence of the reporter. Accumulation of PCR products is detecteddirectly by monitoring the increase in fluorescence of the reporter dye.When the probe is intact, the proximity of the reporter dye to thequencher dye results in suppression of the reporter fluorescence. DuringPCR, if the target of interest is present, the probe specificallyanneals between the forward and reverse primer sites. The 5′-3′nucleolytic activity of the AmpliTaq™ Gold DNA Polymerase cleaves theprobe between the reporter and the quencher only if the probe hybridizesto the target. The probe fragments are then displaced from the target,and polymerization of the strand continues. The 3′ end of the probe isblocked to prevent extension of the probe during PCR. This processoccurs in every cycle and does not interfere with the exponentialaccumulation of product. RNA was prepared using the trizol method andtreated with DNAse to remove contaminating genomic DNA. cDNA wassynthesized using standard techniques. Mock cDNA synthesis in theabsence of reverse transcriptase resulted in samples with no detectablePCR amplification of the control GAPDH gene confirming efficient removalof genomic DNA contamination.

[0306] The human DHDR-4 gene is highly expressed in liver, kidney,brain, primary osteoblasts, in pituitary, in CaCO cells, inkeratinocytes, in aortic endothelial cells, in fetal kidney, in fetallung, in mammary epithelium, in fetal spleen, in fetal liver, inumbilical smooth muscle, in RAII Burkitt Lymphoma cells, in lung, inprostate, in K53 red blood cells, in fetal dorsal spinal cord, ininsulinoma cells, in normal breast and ovarian epithelia, in retina, inHMC-1 mast cells, in ovarian ascites, in d8 dendritic cells, inmegakaryocytes, in human mobilized bone morrow, in mammary carcinoma, inmelanoma cells, in lymph, in vein, in U937/A70p B cells, in A549concells, in WT LN Cap testosterone cells, and in esophagus. Significantexpression of DHDR-4 was also observed in aorta, in breast, in liver, inlung, in small intestine, and in thymus. Some expression of DHDR-4 wasobserved in brain, in cervix, in colon, in heart, in kidney, in muscle,in ovary, in placenta, in testes, and in thyroid.

[0307] Human DHDR-4 is also greatly induced in situations of hepatitis Bvirus (HBV) infection. Human DHDR-4 is expressed at 4-18 fold higherlevels in HBV-infected liver than in normal liver. DHDR-4 expressionlevels are 12-25 fold higher in HBV-expressing HepG2.2.15 cells than inHepG2 control cells. Additionally, transfection of the HBV Xtranscription factor alone can induce a 5-fold increase in DHDR-4expression.

[0308] For in situ analysis, various tissues, e.g. tissues obtained fromliver, are first frozen on dry ice. Ten-micrometer-thick sections of thetissues are postfixed with 4% formaldehyde in DEPC treated 1×phosphate-buffered saline at room temperature for 10 minutes beforebeing rinsed twice in DEPC 1× phosphate-buffered saline and once in 0.1M triethanolamine-HCl (pH 8.0). Following incubation in 0.25% aceticanhydride-0.1 M triethanolamine-HCl for 10 minutes, sections are rinsedin DEPC 2×SSC (1×SSC is 0.15M NaCl plus 0.015M sodium citrate). Tissueis then dehydrated through a series of ethanol washes, incubated in 100%chloroform for 5 minutes, and then rinsed in 100% ethanol for 1 minuteand 95% ethanol for 1 minute and allowed to air dry.

[0309] Hybridizations are performed with ³⁵S-radiolabeled (5×10⁷ cpm/ml)cRNA probes. Probes are incubated in the presence of a solutioncontaining 600 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 0.01% shearedsalmon sperm DNA, 0.01% yeast tRNA, 0.05% yeast total RNA type X1, 1×Denhardt's solution, 50% formamide, 10% dextran sulfate, 100 mMdithiothreitol, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 0.1% sodiumthiosulfate for 18 hours at 55° C.

[0310] After hybridization, slides are washed with 2×SSC. Sections arethen sequentially incubated at 37° C. in TNE (a solution containing 10mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 500 mM NaCl, and 1 mM EDTA), for 10 minutes, inTNE with 10 μg of RNase A per ml for 30 minutes, and finally in TNE for10 minutes. Slides are then rinsed with 2×SSC at room temperature,washed with 2×SSC at 50° C. for 1 hour, washed with 0.2×SSC at 55° C.for 1 hour, and 0.2×SSC at 60° C. for 1 hour. Sections are thendehydrated rapidly through serial ethanol-0.3 M sodium acetateconcentrations before being air dried and exposed to Kodak Biomax MRscientific imaging film for 24 hours and subsequently dipped in NB-2photoemulsion and exposed at 4° C. for 7 days before being developed andcounter stained.

[0311] In situ hybridization analysis revealed that DHDR-4 is expressedat a much higher level in HBV positive liver than in normal liver.

Example 2 Expression of Recombinant DHDR Protein in Bacterial Cells

[0312] In this example, DHDR is expressed as a recombinantglutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion polypeptide in E. coli and thefusion polypeptide is isolated and characterized. Specifically, DHDR isfused to GST and this fusion polypeptide is expressed in E. coli, e.g.,strain PEB199. Expression of the GST-DHDR fusion protein in PEB199 isinduced with IPTG. The recombinant fusion polypeptide is purified fromcrude bacterial lysates of the induced PEB199 strain by affinitychromatography on glutathione beads. Using polyacrylamide gelelectrophoretic analysis of the polypeptide purified from the bacteriallysates, the molecular weight of the resultant fusion polypeptide isdetermined.

Example 3 Expression of Recombinant DHDR Protein in COS Cells

[0313] To express the DHDR gene in COS cells, the pcDNA/Amp vector byInvitrogen Corporation (San Diego, Calif.) is used. This vector containsan SV40 origin of replication, an ampicillin resistance gene, an E. colireplication origin, a CMV promoter followed by a polylinker region, andan SV40 intron and polyadenylation site. A DNA fragment encoding theentire DHDR protein and an HA tag (Wilson et al. (1984) Cell 37:767) ora FLAG tag fused in-frame to its 3′ end of the fragment is cloned intothe polylinker region of the vector, thereby placing the expression ofthe recombinant protein under the control of the CMV promoter.

[0314] To construct the plasmid, the DHDR DNA sequence is amplified byPCR using two primers. The 5′ primer contains the restriction site ofinterest followed by approximately twenty nucleotides of the DHDR codingsequence starting from the initiation codon; the 3′ end sequencecontains complementary sequences to the other restriction site ofinterest, a translation stop codon, the HA tag or FLAG tag and the last20 nucleotides of the DHDR coding sequence. The PCR amplified fragmentand the pcDNA/Amp vector are digested with the appropriate restrictionenzymes and the vector is dephosphorylated using the CIAP enzyme (NewEngland Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.). Preferably the two restriction siteschosen are different so that the DHDR gene is inserted in the correctorientation. The ligation mixture is transformed into E. coli cells(strains HB101, DH5α, SURE, available from Stratagene Cloning Systems,La Jolla, Calif., can be used), the transformed culture is plated onampicillin media plates, and resistant colonies are selected. PlasmidDNA is isolated from transformants and examined by restriction analysisfor the presence of the correct fragment.

[0315] COS cells are subsequently transfected with the DHDR-pcDNA/Ampplasmid DNA using the calcium phosphate or calcium chlorideco-precipitation methods, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection,lipofection, or electroporation. Other suitable methods for transfectinghost cells can be found in Sambrook, J., Fritsh, E. F., and Maniatis, T.Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring HarborLaboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y., 1989. The expression of the DHDR polypeptide is detected byradiolabelling (³⁵S-methionine or ³⁵S-cysteine available from NEN,Boston, Mass., can be used) and immunoprecipitation (Harlow, E. andLane, D. Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1988) using an HA specific monoclonalantibody. Briefly, the cells are labeled for 8 hours with ³⁵S-methionine(or ³⁵S-cysteine). The culture media are then collected and the cellsare lysed using detergents (RIPA buffer, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 0.1%SDS, 0.5% DOC, 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5). Both the cell lysate and the culturemedia are precipitated with an HA-specific monoclonal antibody.Precipitated polypeptides are then analyzed by SDS-PAGE.

[0316] Alternatively, DNA containing the DHDR coding sequence is cloneddirectly into the polylinker of the pcDNA/Amp vector using theappropriate restriction sites. The resulting plasmid is transfected intoCOS cells in the manner described above, and the expression of the DHDRpolypeptide is detected by radiolabelling and immunoprecipitation usinga DHDR specific monoclonal antibody.

[0317] Equivalents

[0318] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertainusing no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to thespecific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalentsare intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

0 SEQUENCE LISTING <160> NUMBER OF SEQ ID NOS: 35 <210> SEQ ID NO 1<211> LENGTH: 2660 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Homo sapiens <220>FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: CDS <222> LOCATION: (63)..(2468) <221>NAME/KEY: misc_feature <222> LOCATION: 6, 8 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: n =a, c, t, or g <400> SEQUENCE: 1 cctttntnrc cacgcgtccg agagcgccccgcagtcttcg cggaaagcgt tcggggtagg 60 cg atg gct gcg acg cgt gca ggg ccccgc gcc cgc gag atc ttc acc 107 Met Ala Ala Thr Arg Ala Gly Pro Arg AlaArg Glu Ile Phe Thr 1 5 10 15 tcg ctg gag tac gga ccg gtg ccg gag agccac gca tgc gca ctg gcc 155 Ser Leu Glu Tyr Gly Pro Val Pro Glu Ser HisAla Cys Ala Leu Ala 20 25 30 tgg ctg gac acc cag gac cgg tgc ttg ggc cactat gtg aat ggg aag 203 Trp Leu Asp Thr Gln Asp Arg Cys Leu Gly His TyrVal Asn Gly Lys 35 40 45 tgg tta aag cct gaa cac aga aat tca gtg cct tgccag gat ccc atc 251 Trp Leu Lys Pro Glu His Arg Asn Ser Val Pro Cys GlnAsp Pro Ile 50 55 60 aca gga gag aac ttg gcc agt tgc ctg cag gca cag gccgag gat gtg 299 Thr Gly Glu Asn Leu Ala Ser Cys Leu Gln Ala Gln Ala GluAsp Val 65 70 75 gct gca gcc gtg gag gca gcc agg atg gca ttt aag ggc tggagt gcg 347 Ala Ala Ala Val Glu Ala Ala Arg Met Ala Phe Lys Gly Trp SerAla 80 85 90 95 cac ccc ggc gtc gtc cgg gcc cag cac ctg acc agg ctg gccgag gtg 395 His Pro Gly Val Val Arg Ala Gln His Leu Thr Arg Leu Ala GluVal 100 105 110 atc cag aag cac cag cgg ctg ctg tgg acc ctg gaa tcc ctggtg act 443 Ile Gln Lys His Gln Arg Leu Leu Trp Thr Leu Glu Ser Leu ValThr 115 120 125 ggg cgg gct gtt cga gag gtt cga gac ggg gac gtc cag ctggcc cag 491 Gly Arg Ala Val Arg Glu Val Arg Asp Gly Asp Val Gln Leu AlaGln 130 135 140 cag ctg ctc cac tac cat gca atc cag gca tcc acc cag gaggag gca 539 Gln Leu Leu His Tyr His Ala Ile Gln Ala Ser Thr Gln Glu GluAla 145 150 155 ctg gca ggc tgg gag ccc atg gga gta att ggc ctc atc ctgcca ccc 587 Leu Ala Gly Trp Glu Pro Met Gly Val Ile Gly Leu Ile Leu ProPro 160 165 170 175 aca ttc tcc ttc ctt gag atg atg tgg agg att tgc cctgcc ctg gct 635 Thr Phe Ser Phe Leu Glu Met Met Trp Arg Ile Cys Pro AlaLeu Ala 180 185 190 gtg ggc tgc acc gtg gtg gcc ctc gtg ccc ccg gcc tccccg gcg ccc 683 Val Gly Cys Thr Val Val Ala Leu Val Pro Pro Ala Ser ProAla Pro 195 200 205 ctc ctc ctg gcc cag ctg gcg ggg gag ctg ggc ccc ttcccg gga atc 731 Leu Leu Leu Ala Gln Leu Ala Gly Glu Leu Gly Pro Phe ProGly Ile 210 215 220 ctg aat gtc gtc agt ggc cct gcg tcc ctg gtg ccc atcctg gcc tcc 779 Leu Asn Val Val Ser Gly Pro Ala Ser Leu Val Pro Ile LeuAla Ser 225 230 235 cag cct gga atc cgg aag gtg gcc ttc tgc gga gcc ccggag gaa ggg 827 Gln Pro Gly Ile Arg Lys Val Ala Phe Cys Gly Ala Pro GluGlu Gly 240 245 250 255 cgt gcc ctt cga cgg agc ctg gcg gga gag tgt gcggag ctg ggc ctg 875 Arg Ala Leu Arg Arg Ser Leu Ala Gly Glu Cys Ala GluLeu Gly Leu 260 265 270 gcg ctg ggg acg gag tcg ctg ctg ctg ctg acg gacacg gcg gac gta 923 Ala Leu Gly Thr Glu Ser Leu Leu Leu Leu Thr Asp ThrAla Asp Val 275 280 285 gac tcg gcc gtg gag ggt gtc gtg gac gcc gcc tggtcc gac cgc ggc 971 Asp Ser Ala Val Glu Gly Val Val Asp Ala Ala Trp SerAsp Arg Gly 290 295 300 ccg ggt ggc ctc agg ctc ctc atc cag gag tct gtgtgg gat gaa gcc 1019 Pro Gly Gly Leu Arg Leu Leu Ile Gln Glu Ser Val TrpAsp Glu Ala 305 310 315 atg aga cgg ctg cag gag cgg atg ggg cgg ctt cggagt ggc cga ggg 1067 Met Arg Arg Leu Gln Glu Arg Met Gly Arg Leu Arg SerGly Arg Gly 320 325 330 335 ctg gat ggg gcc gtg gac atg ggg gcc cgg ggggct gcc gca tgt gac 1115 Leu Asp Gly Ala Val Asp Met Gly Ala Arg Gly AlaAla Ala Cys Asp 340 345 350 ctg gtc cag cgc ttt gtg cgt gag gcc cag agccag ggt gca cag gtg 1163 Leu Val Gln Arg Phe Val Arg Glu Ala Gln Ser GlnGly Ala Gln Val 355 360 365 ttc cag gct ggt gat gtg cct tcg gaa cgc ccattc tat ccc cca acc 1211 Phe Gln Ala Gly Asp Val Pro Ser Glu Arg Pro PheTyr Pro Pro Thr 370 375 380 ttg gtc tcc aac ctg ccc cca gcc tcc cca tgtgcc cag gtg gag gtg 1259 Leu Val Ser Asn Leu Pro Pro Ala Ser Pro Cys AlaGln Val Glu Val 385 390 395 ccg tgg cct gtg gtc gtg gcc tcc ccc ttc cgcaca gcc aag gag gca 1307 Pro Trp Pro Val Val Val Ala Ser Pro Phe Arg ThrAla Lys Glu Ala 400 405 410 415 ctg ttg gtg gcc aac ggg acg ccc cgc gggggc agc gcc agt gtg tgg 1355 Leu Leu Val Ala Asn Gly Thr Pro Arg Gly GlySer Ala Ser Val Trp 420 425 430 agc gag agg ctg ggg cag gcg ctg gag ctgggc tat ggg ctc cag gtg 1403 Ser Glu Arg Leu Gly Gln Ala Leu Glu Leu GlyTyr Gly Leu Gln Val 435 440 445 ggc act gtc tgg atc aac gcc cac ggc ctcaga gac cct tcg gtg ccc 1451 Gly Thr Val Trp Ile Asn Ala His Gly Leu ArgAsp Pro Ser Val Pro 450 455 460 aca ggc ggc tgc aag gag agt ggg tgt tcctgg cac ggg ggc cca gac 1499 Thr Gly Gly Cys Lys Glu Ser Gly Cys Ser TrpHis Gly Gly Pro Asp 465 470 475 ggg ctg tat gag tat ctg cgg ccc tca gggacc cct gcc cgg ctg tcc 1547 Gly Leu Tyr Glu Tyr Leu Arg Pro Ser Gly ThrPro Ala Arg Leu Ser 480 485 490 495 tgc ctc tcc aag aac ctg aac tat gacacc ttt ggc ctc gct gtg ccc 1595 Cys Leu Ser Lys Asn Leu Asn Tyr Asp ThrPhe Gly Leu Ala Val Pro 500 505 510 tca acc ctg ccg gct ggg cct gaa ataggg ccc agc cca gca ccc ccc 1643 Ser Thr Leu Pro Ala Gly Pro Glu Ile GlyPro Ser Pro Ala Pro Pro 515 520 525 tat ggg ctc ttc gtt ggg ggc cgt ttccag gct cct ggg gcc cga agc 1691 Tyr Gly Leu Phe Val Gly Gly Arg Phe GlnAla Pro Gly Ala Arg Ser 530 535 540 tcc agg ccc atc cgg gat tcg tct ggcaat ctc cat ggc tac gtg gct 1739 Ser Arg Pro Ile Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly AsnLeu His Gly Tyr Val Ala 545 550 555 gag ggt gga gcc aag gac atc cga ggtgct gtg gag gcc gct cac cag 1787 Glu Gly Gly Ala Lys Asp Ile Arg Gly AlaVal Glu Ala Ala His Gln 560 565 570 575 gct ttc cct ggc tgg gcg ggc cagtcc cca gga gcc cgg gca gcc ctg 1835 Ala Phe Pro Gly Trp Ala Gly Gln SerPro Gly Ala Arg Ala Ala Leu 580 585 590 ctg tgg gcc ctg gcg gct gca ctggag cgc cgg aag tct acc ctg gcc 1883 Leu Trp Ala Leu Ala Ala Ala Leu GluArg Arg Lys Ser Thr Leu Ala 595 600 605 tca agg ctg gag agg cag gga gcggag ctc aag gct gcg gag gcg gag 1931 Ser Arg Leu Glu Arg Gln Gly Ala GluLeu Lys Ala Ala Glu Ala Glu 610 615 620 gtg gag ctg agc gca aga cga cttcgg gcg tgg ggg gcc cgg gtg cag 1979 Val Glu Leu Ser Ala Arg Arg Leu ArgAla Trp Gly Ala Arg Val Gln 625 630 635 gcc caa ggc cac acc ctg cag gtagcc ggg ctg aga ggc cct gtg ctg 2027 Ala Gln Gly His Thr Leu Gln Val AlaGly Leu Arg Gly Pro Val Leu 640 645 650 655 cgc ctg cgg gag ccg ctg ggtgtg ctg gct gtg gtg tgt ccg gac gag 2075 Arg Leu Arg Glu Pro Leu Gly ValLeu Ala Val Val Cys Pro Asp Glu 660 665 670 tgg ccc ctg ctt gcc ttc gtgtcc ctg ctg gct ccc gcc ctg gcc tac 2123 Trp Pro Leu Leu Ala Phe Val SerLeu Leu Ala Pro Ala Leu Ala Tyr 675 680 685 ggc aac act gtg gtc atg gtgccc agt gcg gcc tgt cct ctg ctg gcc 2171 Gly Asn Thr Val Val Met Val ProSer Ala Ala Cys Pro Leu Leu Ala 690 695 700 ctg gag gtc tgc cag gac atggcc acc gtg ttc cca gca ggc ctg gcc 2219 Leu Glu Val Cys Gln Asp Met AlaThr Val Phe Pro Ala Gly Leu Ala 705 710 715 aac gtg gtg aca gga gac cgggac cat ctg acc cgc tgc ctg gcc ttg 2267 Asn Val Val Thr Gly Asp Arg AspHis Leu Thr Arg Cys Leu Ala Leu 720 725 730 735 cac caa gac gtc cag gccatg tgg tat ttc gga tca gcc cag ggt tcc 2315 His Gln Asp Val Gln Ala MetTrp Tyr Phe Gly Ser Ala Gln Gly Ser 740 745 750 cag ttt gtc gag tgg gcctcg gca gga aac ctc aaa ccg gtg tgg gcg 2363 Gln Phe Val Glu Trp Ala SerAla Gly Asn Leu Lys Pro Val Trp Ala 755 760 765 agc agg ggc tgc ccg cgggcc tgg gac cag gag gcc gag ggg gca ggc 2411 Ser Arg Gly Cys Pro Arg AlaTrp Asp Gln Glu Ala Glu Gly Ala Gly 770 775 780 cca gag ctg ggg ctg cgagtg gcg cgg acc aag gcc ctg tgg ctg cct 2459 Pro Glu Leu Gly Leu Arg ValAla Arg Thr Lys Ala Leu Trp Leu Pro 785 790 795 atg ggg gac tgatgcctgagcgccaccta ctgcattttg gacacctcac 2508 Met Gly Asp 800 accaaggggagatgcacccc acagacacct gggactttcc ccttctggtt cctgtgtctc 2568 ccaataaactctctgaccaa ccctaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa rwarmaactt 2628 ctggcagatatgaggctttt ttcttttttt tt 2660 <210> SEQ ID NO 2 <211> LENGTH: 802 <212>TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Homo sapiens <400> SEQUENCE: 2 Met Ala Ala ThrArg Ala Gly Pro Arg Ala Arg Glu Ile Phe Thr Ser 1 5 10 15 Leu Glu TyrGly Pro Val Pro Glu Ser His Ala Cys Ala Leu Ala Trp 20 25 30 Leu Asp ThrGln Asp Arg Cys Leu Gly His Tyr Val Asn Gly Lys Trp 35 40 45 Leu Lys ProGlu His Arg Asn Ser Val Pro Cys Gln Asp Pro Ile Thr 50 55 60 Gly Glu AsnLeu Ala Ser Cys Leu Gln Ala Gln Ala Glu Asp Val Ala 65 70 75 80 Ala AlaVal Glu Ala Ala Arg Met Ala Phe Lys Gly Trp Ser Ala His 85 90 95 Pro GlyVal Val Arg Ala Gln His Leu Thr Arg Leu Ala Glu Val Ile 100 105 110 GlnLys His Gln Arg Leu Leu Trp Thr Leu Glu Ser Leu Val Thr Gly 115 120 125Arg Ala Val Arg Glu Val Arg Asp Gly Asp Val Gln Leu Ala Gln Gln 130 135140 Leu Leu His Tyr His Ala Ile Gln Ala Ser Thr Gln Glu Glu Ala Leu 145150 155 160 Ala Gly Trp Glu Pro Met Gly Val Ile Gly Leu Ile Leu Pro ProThr 165 170 175 Phe Ser Phe Leu Glu Met Met Trp Arg Ile Cys Pro Ala LeuAla Val 180 185 190 Gly Cys Thr Val Val Ala Leu Val Pro Pro Ala Ser ProAla Pro Leu 195 200 205 Leu Leu Ala Gln Leu Ala Gly Glu Leu Gly Pro PhePro Gly Ile Leu 210 215 220 Asn Val Val Ser Gly Pro Ala Ser Leu Val ProIle Leu Ala Ser Gln 225 230 235 240 Pro Gly Ile Arg Lys Val Ala Phe CysGly Ala Pro Glu Glu Gly Arg 245 250 255 Ala Leu Arg Arg Ser Leu Ala GlyGlu Cys Ala Glu Leu Gly Leu Ala 260 265 270 Leu Gly Thr Glu Ser Leu LeuLeu Leu Thr Asp Thr Ala Asp Val Asp 275 280 285 Ser Ala Val Glu Gly ValVal Asp Ala Ala Trp Ser Asp Arg Gly Pro 290 295 300 Gly Gly Leu Arg LeuLeu Ile Gln Glu Ser Val Trp Asp Glu Ala Met 305 310 315 320 Arg Arg LeuGln Glu Arg Met Gly Arg Leu Arg Ser Gly Arg Gly Leu 325 330 335 Asp GlyAla Val Asp Met Gly Ala Arg Gly Ala Ala Ala Cys Asp Leu 340 345 350 ValGln Arg Phe Val Arg Glu Ala Gln Ser Gln Gly Ala Gln Val Phe 355 360 365Gln Ala Gly Asp Val Pro Ser Glu Arg Pro Phe Tyr Pro Pro Thr Leu 370 375380 Val Ser Asn Leu Pro Pro Ala Ser Pro Cys Ala Gln Val Glu Val Pro 385390 395 400 Trp Pro Val Val Val Ala Ser Pro Phe Arg Thr Ala Lys Glu AlaLeu 405 410 415 Leu Val Ala Asn Gly Thr Pro Arg Gly Gly Ser Ala Ser ValTrp Ser 420 425 430 Glu Arg Leu Gly Gln Ala Leu Glu Leu Gly Tyr Gly LeuGln Val Gly 435 440 445 Thr Val Trp Ile Asn Ala His Gly Leu Arg Asp ProSer Val Pro Thr 450 455 460 Gly Gly Cys Lys Glu Ser Gly Cys Ser Trp HisGly Gly Pro Asp Gly 465 470 475 480 Leu Tyr Glu Tyr Leu Arg Pro Ser GlyThr Pro Ala Arg Leu Ser Cys 485 490 495 Leu Ser Lys Asn Leu Asn Tyr AspThr Phe Gly Leu Ala Val Pro Ser 500 505 510 Thr Leu Pro Ala Gly Pro GluIle Gly Pro Ser Pro Ala Pro Pro Tyr 515 520 525 Gly Leu Phe Val Gly GlyArg Phe Gln Ala Pro Gly Ala Arg Ser Ser 530 535 540 Arg Pro Ile Arg AspSer Ser Gly Asn Leu His Gly Tyr Val Ala Glu 545 550 555 560 Gly Gly AlaLys Asp Ile Arg Gly Ala Val Glu Ala Ala His Gln Ala 565 570 575 Phe ProGly Trp Ala Gly Gln Ser Pro Gly Ala Arg Ala Ala Leu Leu 580 585 590 TrpAla Leu Ala Ala Ala Leu Glu Arg Arg Lys Ser Thr Leu Ala Ser 595 600 605Arg Leu Glu Arg Gln Gly Ala Glu Leu Lys Ala Ala Glu Ala Glu Val 610 615620 Glu Leu Ser Ala Arg Arg Leu Arg Ala Trp Gly Ala Arg Val Gln Ala 625630 635 640 Gln Gly His Thr Leu Gln Val Ala Gly Leu Arg Gly Pro Val LeuArg 645 650 655 Leu Arg Glu Pro Leu Gly Val Leu Ala Val Val Cys Pro AspGlu Trp 660 665 670 Pro Leu Leu Ala Phe Val Ser Leu Leu Ala Pro Ala LeuAla Tyr Gly 675 680 685 Asn Thr Val Val Met Val Pro Ser Ala Ala Cys ProLeu Leu Ala Leu 690 695 700 Glu Val Cys Gln Asp Met Ala Thr Val Phe ProAla Gly Leu Ala Asn 705 710 715 720 Val Val Thr Gly Asp Arg Asp His LeuThr Arg Cys Leu Ala Leu His 725 730 735 Gln Asp Val Gln Ala Met Trp TyrPhe Gly Ser Ala Gln Gly Ser Gln 740 745 750 Phe Val Glu Trp Ala Ser AlaGly Asn Leu Lys Pro Val Trp Ala Ser 755 760 765 Arg Gly Cys Pro Arg AlaTrp Asp Gln Glu Ala Glu Gly Ala Gly Pro 770 775 780 Glu Leu Gly Leu ArgVal Ala Arg Thr Lys Ala Leu Trp Leu Pro Met 785 790 795 800 Gly Asp<210> SEQ ID NO 3 <211> LENGTH: 2406 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM:Homo sapiens <220> FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: CDS <222> LOCATION:(1)..(2406) <400> SEQUENCE: 3 atg gct gcg acg cgt gca ggg ccc cgc gcccgc gag atc ttc acc tcg 48 Met Ala Ala Thr Arg Ala Gly Pro Arg Ala ArgGlu Ile Phe Thr Ser 1 5 10 15 ctg gag tac gga ccg gtg ccg gag agc cacgca tgc gca ctg gcc tgg 96 Leu Glu Tyr Gly Pro Val Pro Glu Ser His AlaCys Ala Leu Ala Trp 20 25 30 ctg gac acc cag gac cgg tgc ttg ggc cac tatgtg aat ggg aag tgg 144 Leu Asp Thr Gln Asp Arg Cys Leu Gly His Tyr ValAsn Gly Lys Trp 35 40 45 tta aag cct gaa cac aga aat tca gtg cct tgc caggat ccc atc aca 192 Leu Lys Pro Glu His Arg Asn Ser Val Pro Cys Gln AspPro Ile Thr 50 55 60 gga gag aac ttg gcc agt tgc ctg cag gca cag gcc gaggat gtg gct 240 Gly Glu Asn Leu Ala Ser Cys Leu Gln Ala Gln Ala Glu AspVal Ala 65 70 75 80 gca gcc gtg gag gca gcc agg atg gca ttt aag ggc tggagt gcg cac 288 Ala Ala Val Glu Ala Ala Arg Met Ala Phe Lys Gly Trp SerAla His 85 90 95 ccc ggc gtc gtc cgg gcc cag cac ctg acc agg ctg gcc gaggtg atc 336 Pro Gly Val Val Arg Ala Gln His Leu Thr Arg Leu Ala Glu ValIle 100 105 110 cag aag cac cag cgg ctg ctg tgg acc ctg gaa tcc ctg gtgact ggg 384 Gln Lys His Gln Arg Leu Leu Trp Thr Leu Glu Ser Leu Val ThrGly 115 120 125 cgg gct gtt cga gag gtt cga gac ggg gac gtc cag ctg gcccag cag 432 Arg Ala Val Arg Glu Val Arg Asp Gly Asp Val Gln Leu Ala GlnGln 130 135 140 ctg ctc cac tac cat gca atc cag gca tcc acc cag gag gaggca ctg 480 Leu Leu His Tyr His Ala Ile Gln Ala Ser Thr Gln Glu Glu AlaLeu 145 150 155 160 gca ggc tgg gag ccc atg gga gta att ggc ctc atc ctgcca ccc aca 528 Ala Gly Trp Glu Pro Met Gly Val Ile Gly Leu Ile Leu ProPro Thr 165 170 175 ttc tcc ttc ctt gag atg atg tgg agg att tgc cct gccctg gct gtg 576 Phe Ser Phe Leu Glu Met Met Trp Arg Ile Cys Pro Ala LeuAla Val 180 185 190 ggc tgc acc gtg gtg gcc ctc gtg ccc ccg gcc tcc ccggcg ccc ctc 624 Gly Cys Thr Val Val Ala Leu Val Pro Pro Ala Ser Pro AlaPro Leu 195 200 205 ctc ctg gcc cag ctg gcg ggg gag ctg ggc ccc ttc ccggga atc ctg 672 Leu Leu Ala Gln Leu Ala Gly Glu Leu Gly Pro Phe Pro GlyIle Leu 210 215 220 aat gtc gtc agt ggc cct gcg tcc ctg gtg ccc atc ctggcc tcc cag 720 Asn Val Val Ser Gly Pro Ala Ser Leu Val Pro Ile Leu AlaSer Gln 225 230 235 240 cct gga atc cgg aag gtg gcc ttc tgc gga gcc ccggag gaa ggg cgt 768 Pro Gly Ile Arg Lys Val Ala Phe Cys Gly Ala Pro GluGlu Gly Arg 245 250 255 gcc ctt cga cgg agc ctg gcg gga gag tgt gcg gagctg ggc ctg gcg 816 Ala Leu Arg Arg Ser Leu Ala Gly Glu Cys Ala Glu LeuGly Leu Ala 260 265 270 ctg ggg acg gag tcg ctg ctg ctg ctg acg gac acggcg gac gta gac 864 Leu Gly Thr Glu Ser Leu Leu Leu Leu Thr Asp Thr AlaAsp Val Asp 275 280 285 tcg gcc gtg gag ggt gtc gtg gac gcc gcc tgg tccgac cgc ggc ccg 912 Ser Ala Val Glu Gly Val Val Asp Ala Ala Trp Ser AspArg Gly Pro 290 295 300 ggt ggc ctc agg ctc ctc atc cag gag tct gtg tgggat gaa gcc atg 960 Gly Gly Leu Arg Leu Leu Ile Gln Glu Ser Val Trp AspGlu Ala Met 305 310 315 320 aga cgg ctg cag gag cgg atg ggg cgg ctt cggagt ggc cga ggg ctg 1008 Arg Arg Leu Gln Glu Arg Met Gly Arg Leu Arg SerGly Arg Gly Leu 325 330 335 gat ggg gcc gtg gac atg ggg gcc cgg ggg gctgcc gca tgt gac ctg 1056 Asp Gly Ala Val Asp Met Gly Ala Arg Gly Ala AlaAla Cys Asp Leu 340 345 350 gtc cag cgc ttt gtg cgt gag gcc cag agc cagggt gca cag gtg ttc 1104 Val Gln Arg Phe Val Arg Glu Ala Gln Ser Gln GlyAla Gln Val Phe 355 360 365 cag gct ggt gat gtg cct tcg gaa cgc cca ttctat ccc cca acc ttg 1152 Gln Ala Gly Asp Val Pro Ser Glu Arg Pro Phe TyrPro Pro Thr Leu 370 375 380 gtc tcc aac ctg ccc cca gcc tcc cca tgt gcccag gtg gag gtg ccg 1200 Val Ser Asn Leu Pro Pro Ala Ser Pro Cys Ala GlnVal Glu Val Pro 385 390 395 400 tgg cct gtg gtc gtg gcc tcc ccc ttc cgcaca gcc aag gag gca ctg 1248 Trp Pro Val Val Val Ala Ser Pro Phe Arg ThrAla Lys Glu Ala Leu 405 410 415 ttg gtg gcc aac ggg acg ccc cgc ggg ggcagc gcc agt gtg tgg agc 1296 Leu Val Ala Asn Gly Thr Pro Arg Gly Gly SerAla Ser Val Trp Ser 420 425 430 gag agg ctg ggg cag gcg ctg gag ctg ggctat ggg ctc cag gtg ggc 1344 Glu Arg Leu Gly Gln Ala Leu Glu Leu Gly TyrGly Leu Gln Val Gly 435 440 445 act gtc tgg atc aac gcc cac ggc ctc agagac cct tcg gtg ccc aca 1392 Thr Val Trp Ile Asn Ala His Gly Leu Arg AspPro Ser Val Pro Thr 450 455 460 ggc ggc tgc aag gag agt ggg tgt tcc tggcac ggg ggc cca gac ggg 1440 Gly Gly Cys Lys Glu Ser Gly Cys Ser Trp HisGly Gly Pro Asp Gly 465 470 475 480 ctg tat gag tat ctg cgg ccc tca gggacc cct gcc cgg ctg tcc tgc 1488 Leu Tyr Glu Tyr Leu Arg Pro Ser Gly ThrPro Ala Arg Leu Ser Cys 485 490 495 ctc tcc aag aac ctg aac tat gac accttt ggc ctc gct gtg ccc tca 1536 Leu Ser Lys Asn Leu Asn Tyr Asp Thr PheGly Leu Ala Val Pro Ser 500 505 510 acc ctg ccg gct ggg cct gaa ata gggccc agc cca gca ccc ccc tat 1584 Thr Leu Pro Ala Gly Pro Glu Ile Gly ProSer Pro Ala Pro Pro Tyr 515 520 525 ggg ctc ttc gtt ggg ggc cgt ttc caggct cct ggg gcc cga agc tcc 1632 Gly Leu Phe Val Gly Gly Arg Phe Gln AlaPro Gly Ala Arg Ser Ser 530 535 540 agg ccc atc cgg gat tcg tct ggc aatctc cat ggc tac gtg gct gag 1680 Arg Pro Ile Arg Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn LeuHis Gly Tyr Val Ala Glu 545 550 555 560 ggt gga gcc aag gac atc cga ggtgct gtg gag gcc gct cac cag gct 1728 Gly Gly Ala Lys Asp Ile Arg Gly AlaVal Glu Ala Ala His Gln Ala 565 570 575 ttc cct ggc tgg gcg ggc cag tcccca gga gcc cgg gca gcc ctg ctg 1776 Phe Pro Gly Trp Ala Gly Gln Ser ProGly Ala Arg Ala Ala Leu Leu 580 585 590 tgg gcc ctg gcg gct gca ctg gagcgc cgg aag tct acc ctg gcc tca 1824 Trp Ala Leu Ala Ala Ala Leu Glu ArgArg Lys Ser Thr Leu Ala Ser 595 600 605 agg ctg gag agg cag gga gcg gagctc aag gct gcg gag gcg gag gtg 1872 Arg Leu Glu Arg Gln Gly Ala Glu LeuLys Ala Ala Glu Ala Glu Val 610 615 620 gag ctg agc gca aga cga ctt cgggcg tgg ggg gcc cgg gtg cag gcc 1920 Glu Leu Ser Ala Arg Arg Leu Arg AlaTrp Gly Ala Arg Val Gln Ala 625 630 635 640 caa ggc cac acc ctg cag gtagcc ggg ctg aga ggc cct gtg ctg cgc 1968 Gln Gly His Thr Leu Gln Val AlaGly Leu Arg Gly Pro Val Leu Arg 645 650 655 ctg cgg gag ccg ctg ggt gtgctg gct gtg gtg tgt ccg gac gag tgg 2016 Leu Arg Glu Pro Leu Gly Val LeuAla Val Val Cys Pro Asp Glu Trp 660 665 670 ccc ctg ctt gcc ttc gtg tccctg ctg gct ccc gcc ctg gcc tac ggc 2064 Pro Leu Leu Ala Phe Val Ser LeuLeu Ala Pro Ala Leu Ala Tyr Gly 675 680 685 aac act gtg gtc atg gtg cccagt gcg gcc tgt cct ctg ctg gcc ctg 2112 Asn Thr Val Val Met Val Pro SerAla Ala Cys Pro Leu Leu Ala Leu 690 695 700 gag gtc tgc cag gac atg gccacc gtg ttc cca gca ggc ctg gcc aac 2160 Glu Val Cys Gln Asp Met Ala ThrVal Phe Pro Ala Gly Leu Ala Asn 705 710 715 720 gtg gtg aca gga gac cgggac cat ctg acc cgc tgc ctg gcc ttg cac 2208 Val Val Thr Gly Asp Arg AspHis Leu Thr Arg Cys Leu Ala Leu His 725 730 735 caa gac gtc cag gcc atgtgg tat ttc gga tca gcc cag ggt tcc cag 2256 Gln Asp Val Gln Ala Met TrpTyr Phe Gly Ser Ala Gln Gly Ser Gln 740 745 750 ttt gtc gag tgg gcc tcggca gga aac ctc aaa ccg gtg tgg gcg agc 2304 Phe Val Glu Trp Ala Ser AlaGly Asn Leu Lys Pro Val Trp Ala Ser 755 760 765 agg ggc tgc ccg cgg gcctgg gac cag gag gcc gag ggg gca ggc cca 2352 Arg Gly Cys Pro Arg Ala TrpAsp Gln Glu Ala Glu Gly Ala Gly Pro 770 775 780 gag ctg ggg ctg cga gtggcg cgg acc aag gcc ctg tgg ctg cct atg 2400 Glu Leu Gly Leu Arg Val AlaArg Thr Lys Ala Leu Trp Leu Pro Met 785 790 795 800 ggg gac 2406 Gly Asp<210> SEQ ID NO 4 <211> LENGTH: 1379 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM:Homo sapiens <220> FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: CDS <222> LOCATION:(331)..(1263) <221> NAME/KEY: misc_feature <222> LOCATION: 1337 <223>OTHER INFORMATION: n = a, c, t, or g <400> SEQUENCE: 4 tttggccctcgaggccaaga attcggcacg aggagcaagt ggccttaaca catggatttt 60 cttccaaaaatgcagaccca ttttaattaa gtttgtaatt aaccactggg gagggcaggc 120 cccctggattcggtctgctt tcggagacac tgtgagtaac ttcctatttg ttgaacattt 180 ggggattagcacgcccactg ggtgttcagc ttggaggctt gcacagagct gagctccctg 240 cagccttgggcctccccctg ccctgggagt cctgatcagc gtctctttgc aaagccaatc 300 cccttttactccgttgtccc ccagaacaag atg gga gtc atg gcc atg ctg atg 354 Met Gly ValMet Ala Met Leu Met 1 5 ctc ccc ctg ctg ctg ctg gga atc agc ggc ctc ctcttc att tac caa 402 Leu Pro Leu Leu Leu Leu Gly Ile Ser Gly Leu Leu PheIle Tyr Gln 10 15 20 gag gtg tcc agg ctg tgg tca aag tca gct gtg cag aacaaa gtg gtg 450 Glu Val Ser Arg Leu Trp Ser Lys Ser Ala Val Gln Asn LysVal Val 25 30 35 40 gtg atc acc gat gcc atc tca gga ctg ggc aag gag tgtgct cgg gtg 498 Val Ile Thr Asp Ala Ile Ser Gly Leu Gly Lys Glu Cys AlaArg Val 45 50 55 ttc cac aca ggt ggg gca agg ctg gtg ctg tgt gga aag aactgg gag 546 Phe His Thr Gly Gly Ala Arg Leu Val Leu Cys Gly Lys Asn TrpGlu 60 65 70 agg cta gag aac cta tat gat gcc ttg atc agc gtg gct gac cccagc 594 Arg Leu Glu Asn Leu Tyr Asp Ala Leu Ile Ser Val Ala Asp Pro Ser75 80 85 aag aca ttc acc cca aag ctg gtc ctg ttg gac ctc tca gac atc agc642 Lys Thr Phe Thr Pro Lys Leu Val Leu Leu Asp Leu Ser Asp Ile Ser 9095 100 tgt gtc cca gat gtg gca aaa gaa gtc ctg gat tgc tat ggc tgt gtg690 Cys Val Pro Asp Val Ala Lys Glu Val Leu Asp Cys Tyr Gly Cys Val 105110 115 120 gac atc ctc atc aac aat gcc agt gtg aag gtg aag ggg cct gcccat 738 Asp Ile Leu Ile Asn Asn Ala Ser Val Lys Val Lys Gly Pro Ala His125 130 135 aag att tct ctg gag ctc gac aaa aag atc atg gat gcc aat tacttt 786 Lys Ile Ser Leu Glu Leu Asp Lys Lys Ile Met Asp Ala Asn Tyr Phe140 145 150 ggc ccc atc aca ttg acg aaa gcc ctg ctt ccc aac atg atc tcccgg 834 Gly Pro Ile Thr Leu Thr Lys Ala Leu Leu Pro Asn Met Ile Ser Arg155 160 165 aga aca ggc caa atc gtg tta gtg aat aat atc caa ggg aag tttgga 882 Arg Thr Gly Gln Ile Val Leu Val Asn Asn Ile Gln Gly Lys Phe Gly170 175 180 atc ccg ttc cgt acg act tac gct gcc tcc aag cac gca gcc ctgggc 930 Ile Pro Phe Arg Thr Thr Tyr Ala Ala Ser Lys His Ala Ala Leu Gly185 190 195 200 ttc ttt gac tgc ctc cga gcc gaa gtg gag gaa tac gat gttgtc atc 978 Phe Phe Asp Cys Leu Arg Ala Glu Val Glu Glu Tyr Asp Val ValIle 205 210 215 agc acc gtg agc ccg act ttc atc cgg tcg tac cac gtg tatcca gag 1026 Ser Thr Val Ser Pro Thr Phe Ile Arg Ser Tyr His Val Tyr ProGlu 220 225 230 caa gga aac tgg gaa gct tcc att tgg aaa ttc ttt ttc aggaag ctg 1074 Gln Gly Asn Trp Glu Ala Ser Ile Trp Lys Phe Phe Phe Arg LysLeu 235 240 245 acc tac ggc gtg cac cca gta gag gtg gcg gag gag gtg atgcgc acc 1122 Thr Tyr Gly Val His Pro Val Glu Val Ala Glu Glu Val Met ArgThr 250 255 260 gtg cgg agg aag aag caa gag gtg ttt atg gcc aac ccc atcccc aag 1170 Val Arg Arg Lys Lys Gln Glu Val Phe Met Ala Asn Pro Ile ProLys 265 270 275 280 gcc gcc gtg tac gtc cgc acc ttc ttc ccg gag ttc tttttc gcc gtg 1218 Ala Ala Val Tyr Val Arg Thr Phe Phe Pro Glu Phe Phe PheAla Val 285 290 295 gtg gcc tgt ggg gtg aag gag aag ctc aat gtc ccg gaggag ggg 1263 Val Ala Cys Gly Val Lys Glu Lys Leu Asn Val Pro Glu Glu Gly300 305 310 taactgcagg aggccaaatg ggccacccct tggaaataaa ggtttttctggcaaaaaaaa 1323 aaaaaaaaaa aaantttgcg gccgcaagct tattcccttt agggagggttaatttt 1379 <210> SEQ ID NO 5 <211> LENGTH: 311 <212> TYPE: PRT <213>ORGANISM: Homo sapiens <400> SEQUENCE: 5 Met Gly Val Met Ala Met Leu MetLeu Pro Leu Leu Leu Leu Gly Ile 1 5 10 15 Ser Gly Leu Leu Phe Ile TyrGln Glu Val Ser Arg Leu Trp Ser Lys 20 25 30 Ser Ala Val Gln Asn Lys ValVal Val Ile Thr Asp Ala Ile Ser Gly 35 40 45 Leu Gly Lys Glu Cys Ala ArgVal Phe His Thr Gly Gly Ala Arg Leu 50 55 60 Val Leu Cys Gly Lys Asn TrpGlu Arg Leu Glu Asn Leu Tyr Asp Ala 65 70 75 80 Leu Ile Ser Val Ala AspPro Ser Lys Thr Phe Thr Pro Lys Leu Val 85 90 95 Leu Leu Asp Leu Ser AspIle Ser Cys Val Pro Asp Val Ala Lys Glu 100 105 110 Val Leu Asp Cys TyrGly Cys Val Asp Ile Leu Ile Asn Asn Ala Ser 115 120 125 Val Lys Val LysGly Pro Ala His Lys Ile Ser Leu Glu Leu Asp Lys 130 135 140 Lys Ile MetAsp Ala Asn Tyr Phe Gly Pro Ile Thr Leu Thr Lys Ala 145 150 155 160 LeuLeu Pro Asn Met Ile Ser Arg Arg Thr Gly Gln Ile Val Leu Val 165 170 175Asn Asn Ile Gln Gly Lys Phe Gly Ile Pro Phe Arg Thr Thr Tyr Ala 180 185190 Ala Ser Lys His Ala Ala Leu Gly Phe Phe Asp Cys Leu Arg Ala Glu 195200 205 Val Glu Glu Tyr Asp Val Val Ile Ser Thr Val Ser Pro Thr Phe Ile210 215 220 Arg Ser Tyr His Val Tyr Pro Glu Gln Gly Asn Trp Glu Ala SerIle 225 230 235 240 Trp Lys Phe Phe Phe Arg Lys Leu Thr Tyr Gly Val HisPro Val Glu 245 250 255 Val Ala Glu Glu Val Met Arg Thr Val Arg Arg LysLys Gln Glu Val 260 265 270 Phe Met Ala Asn Pro Ile Pro Lys Ala Ala ValTyr Val Arg Thr Phe 275 280 285 Phe Pro Glu Phe Phe Phe Ala Val Val AlaCys Gly Val Lys Glu Lys 290 295 300 Leu Asn Val Pro Glu Glu Gly 305 310<210> SEQ ID NO 6 <211> LENGTH: 933 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Homosapiens <220> FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: CDS <222> LOCATION: (1)..(933)<400> SEQUENCE: 6 atg gga gtc atg gcc atg ctg atg ctc ccc ctg ctg ctgctg gga atc 48 Met Gly Val Met Ala Met Leu Met Leu Pro Leu Leu Leu LeuGly Ile 1 5 10 15 agc ggc ctc ctc ttc att tac caa gag gtg tcc agg ctgtgg tca aag 96 Ser Gly Leu Leu Phe Ile Tyr Gln Glu Val Ser Arg Leu TrpSer Lys 20 25 30 tca gct gtg cag aac aaa gtg gtg gtg atc acc gat gcc atctca gga 144 Ser Ala Val Gln Asn Lys Val Val Val Ile Thr Asp Ala Ile SerGly 35 40 45 ctg ggc aag gag tgt gct cgg gtg ttc cac aca ggt ggg gca aggctg 192 Leu Gly Lys Glu Cys Ala Arg Val Phe His Thr Gly Gly Ala Arg Leu50 55 60 gtg ctg tgt gga aag aac tgg gag agg cta gag aac cta tat gat gcc240 Val Leu Cys Gly Lys Asn Trp Glu Arg Leu Glu Asn Leu Tyr Asp Ala 6570 75 80 ttg atc agc gtg gct gac ccc agc aag aca ttc acc cca aag ctg gtc288 Leu Ile Ser Val Ala Asp Pro Ser Lys Thr Phe Thr Pro Lys Leu Val 8590 95 ctg ttg gac ctc tca gac atc agc tgt gtc cca gat gtg gca aaa gaa336 Leu Leu Asp Leu Ser Asp Ile Ser Cys Val Pro Asp Val Ala Lys Glu 100105 110 gtc ctg gat tgc tat ggc tgt gtg gac atc ctc atc aac aat gcc agt384 Val Leu Asp Cys Tyr Gly Cys Val Asp Ile Leu Ile Asn Asn Ala Ser 115120 125 gtg aag gtg aag ggg cct gcc cat aag att tct ctg gag ctc gac aaa432 Val Lys Val Lys Gly Pro Ala His Lys Ile Ser Leu Glu Leu Asp Lys 130135 140 aag atc atg gat gcc aat tac ttt ggc ccc atc aca ttg acg aaa gcc480 Lys Ile Met Asp Ala Asn Tyr Phe Gly Pro Ile Thr Leu Thr Lys Ala 145150 155 160 ctg ctt ccc aac atg atc tcc cgg aga aca ggc caa atc gtg ttagtg 528 Leu Leu Pro Asn Met Ile Ser Arg Arg Thr Gly Gln Ile Val Leu Val165 170 175 aat aat atc caa ggg aag ttt gga atc ccg ttc cgt acg act tacgct 576 Asn Asn Ile Gln Gly Lys Phe Gly Ile Pro Phe Arg Thr Thr Tyr Ala180 185 190 gcc tcc aag cac gca gcc ctg ggc ttc ttt gac tgc ctc cga gccgaa 624 Ala Ser Lys His Ala Ala Leu Gly Phe Phe Asp Cys Leu Arg Ala Glu195 200 205 gtg gag gaa tac gat gtt gtc atc agc acc gtg agc ccg act ttcatc 672 Val Glu Glu Tyr Asp Val Val Ile Ser Thr Val Ser Pro Thr Phe Ile210 215 220 cgg tcg tac cac gtg tat cca gag caa gga aac tgg gaa gct tccatt 720 Arg Ser Tyr His Val Tyr Pro Glu Gln Gly Asn Trp Glu Ala Ser Ile225 230 235 240 tgg aaa ttc ttt ttc agg aag ctg acc tac ggc gtg cac ccagta gag 768 Trp Lys Phe Phe Phe Arg Lys Leu Thr Tyr Gly Val His Pro ValGlu 245 250 255 gtg gcg gag gag gtg atg cgc acc gtg cgg agg aag aag caagag gtg 816 Val Ala Glu Glu Val Met Arg Thr Val Arg Arg Lys Lys Gln GluVal 260 265 270 ttt atg gcc aac ccc atc ccc aag gcc gcc gtg tac gtc cgcacc ttc 864 Phe Met Ala Asn Pro Ile Pro Lys Ala Ala Val Tyr Val Arg ThrPhe 275 280 285 ttc ccg gag ttc ttt ttc gcc gtg gtg gcc tgt ggg gtg aaggag aag 912 Phe Pro Glu Phe Phe Phe Ala Val Val Ala Cys Gly Val Lys GluLys 290 295 300 ctc aat gtc ccg gag gag ggg 933 Leu Asn Val Pro Glu GluGly 305 310 <210> SEQ ID NO 7 <211> LENGTH: 1725 <212> TYPE: DNA <213>ORGANISM: Homo sapiens <220> FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: CDS <222>LOCATION: (281)..(1387) <221> NAME/KEY: misc_feature <222> LOCATION:1606, 1620, 1631, 1655, 1658, 1666, 1673, 1688, 1705, 1711 <223> OTHERINFORMATION: n = a, c, t, or g <400> SEQUENCE: 7 gagaaggagg agccagcggaaggacggtgt gcgggccggc cagccctgga cgaaagaaga 60 gggcccctcc aggccagtctgggcaccctg ggatagcggc tgcagccatc agcaggggca 120 gacggcaggt ggcctggttgctgcagctcc caggatcagc tctgccctcc ccgcaaacgc 180 cagcctcgtc accgctccagggcacctcca gcagtaacag gtggttgcag caggtggcag 240 ccagcccctg gatgagccaaggtctcttcc ccagccaggc atg gcc gac tct gca 295 Met Ala Asp Ser Ala 1 5cag gcc cag aag ctg gtg tac ctg gtc aca ggg ggc tgt ggc ttc ctg 343 GlnAla Gln Lys Leu Val Tyr Leu Val Thr Gly Gly Cys Gly Phe Leu 10 15 20 ggagag cac gtg gtg cga atg ctg ctg cag cgg gag ccc cgg ctc ggg 391 Gly GluHis Val Val Arg Met Leu Leu Gln Arg Glu Pro Arg Leu Gly 25 30 35 gag ctgcgg gtc ttt gac caa cac ctg ggt ccc tgg ctg gag gag ctg 439 Glu Leu ArgVal Phe Asp Gln His Leu Gly Pro Trp Leu Glu Glu Leu 40 45 50 aag aca gggcct gtg agg gtg act gcc atc cag ggg gac gtg acc cag 487 Lys Thr Gly ProVal Arg Val Thr Ala Ile Gln Gly Asp Val Thr Gln 55 60 65 gcc cat gag gtggca gca gct gtg gcc gga gcc cat gtg gtc atc cac 535 Ala His Glu Val AlaAla Ala Val Ala Gly Ala His Val Val Ile His 70 75 80 85 acg gct ggg ctggta gac gtg ttt ggc agg gcc agt ccc aag acc atc 583 Thr Ala Gly Leu ValAsp Val Phe Gly Arg Ala Ser Pro Lys Thr Ile 90 95 100 cat gag gtc aacgtg cag ggt acc cgg aac gtg atc gag gct tgt gtg 631 His Glu Val Asn ValGln Gly Thr Arg Asn Val Ile Glu Ala Cys Val 105 110 115 cag acc gga acacgg ttc ctg gtc tac acc agc agc atg gaa gtt gtg 679 Gln Thr Gly Thr ArgPhe Leu Val Tyr Thr Ser Ser Met Glu Val Val 120 125 130 ggg cct aac accaaa ggt cac ccc ttc tac agg ggc aac gaa gac acc 727 Gly Pro Asn Thr LysGly His Pro Phe Tyr Arg Gly Asn Glu Asp Thr 135 140 145 cca tac gaa gcagtg cac agg cac ccc tat cct tgc agc aag gcc ctg 775 Pro Tyr Glu Ala ValHis Arg His Pro Tyr Pro Cys Ser Lys Ala Leu 150 155 160 165 gcc gag tggctg gtc ctg gag gcc aac ggg agg aag gtc cgt ggg ggg 823 Ala Glu Trp LeuVal Leu Glu Ala Asn Gly Arg Lys Val Arg Gly Gly 170 175 180 ctg ccc ctggtg acg tgt gcc ctt cgt ccc acg ggc atc tac ggt gaa 871 Leu Pro Leu ValThr Cys Ala Leu Arg Pro Thr Gly Ile Tyr Gly Glu 185 190 195 ggc cac cagatc atg agg gac ttc tac cgc cag ggc ctg cgc ctg gga 919 Gly His Gln IleMet Arg Asp Phe Tyr Arg Gln Gly Leu Arg Leu Gly 200 205 210 ggt tgg ctcttc cgg gcc atc ccg gcc tct gtg gag cat ggc cgg gtc 967 Gly Trp Leu PheArg Ala Ile Pro Ala Ser Val Glu His Gly Arg Val 215 220 225 tat gtg ggcaat gtt gcc tgg atg cac gtg ctg gca gcc cgg gag ctg 1015 Tyr Val Gly AsnVal Ala Trp Met His Val Leu Ala Ala Arg Glu Leu 230 235 240 245 gag cagcgg gca gcc ctg atg ggc ggc cag gta tac ttc tgc tac gat 1063 Glu Gln ArgAla Ala Leu Met Gly Gly Gln Val Tyr Phe Cys Tyr Asp 250 255 260 gga tcaccc tac agg agc tac gag gat ttc aac atg gag ttc ctg ggc 1111 Gly Ser ProTyr Arg Ser Tyr Glu Asp Phe Asn Met Glu Phe Leu Gly 265 270 275 ccc tgcgga ctg cgg ctg gtg ggc gcc cgc cca ttg ctg ccc tac tgg 1159 Pro Cys GlyLeu Arg Leu Val Gly Ala Arg Pro Leu Leu Pro Tyr Trp 280 285 290 ctg ctggtg ttc ctg gct gcc ctc aat gcc ctg ctg cag tgg ctg ctg 1207 Leu Leu ValPhe Leu Ala Ala Leu Asn Ala Leu Leu Gln Trp Leu Leu 295 300 305 cgg ccactg gtg ctc tac gca ccc ctg ctg aac ccc tac acg ctg gcc 1255 Arg Pro LeuVal Leu Tyr Ala Pro Leu Leu Asn Pro Tyr Thr Leu Ala 310 315 320 325 gtggcc aac acc acc ttc acc gtc agc acc gac aag gct cag cgc cat 1303 Val AlaAsn Thr Thr Phe Thr Val Ser Thr Asp Lys Ala Gln Arg His 330 335 340 ttcggc tat gag ccc ctg ttc tcg tgg gag gat agc cgg acc cgc acc 1351 Phe GlyTyr Glu Pro Leu Phe Ser Trp Glu Asp Ser Arg Thr Arg Thr 345 350 355 attctc tgg gta cag gcc gct acg ggt tca gcc cag tgacggtggg 1397 Ile Leu TrpVal Gln Ala Ala Thr Gly Ser Ala Gln 360 365 gctggggcct ggaggcccagatacagcaca tccacccagg tcccgagccc tcacaccctg 1457 gacgggaagg gacagctgcattccagagca ggaggcaggg ctctggggcc agaatggctg 1517 tccttgtcgt agagccctccacattttctt tttctttttt gagacagggt cttgctctgt 1577 cacccagact ggaatgcaagtggtgtgant cataagctca ctngmaccct yaanccttct 1637 gggttcaagc aatccttnctngcctyaanc cttctngaac aagcttggga nccacaggtg 1697 cacgccancc acancctggctttttttt 1725 <210> SEQ ID NO 8 <211> LENGTH: 369 <212> TYPE: PRT <213>ORGANISM: Homo sapiens <400> SEQUENCE: 8 Met Ala Asp Ser Ala Gln Ala GlnLys Leu Val Tyr Leu Val Thr Gly 1 5 10 15 Gly Cys Gly Phe Leu Gly GluHis Val Val Arg Met Leu Leu Gln Arg 20 25 30 Glu Pro Arg Leu Gly Glu LeuArg Val Phe Asp Gln His Leu Gly Pro 35 40 45 Trp Leu Glu Glu Leu Lys ThrGly Pro Val Arg Val Thr Ala Ile Gln 50 55 60 Gly Asp Val Thr Gln Ala HisGlu Val Ala Ala Ala Val Ala Gly Ala 65 70 75 80 His Val Val Ile His ThrAla Gly Leu Val Asp Val Phe Gly Arg Ala 85 90 95 Ser Pro Lys Thr Ile HisGlu Val Asn Val Gln Gly Thr Arg Asn Val 100 105 110 Ile Glu Ala Cys ValGln Thr Gly Thr Arg Phe Leu Val Tyr Thr Ser 115 120 125 Ser Met Glu ValVal Gly Pro Asn Thr Lys Gly His Pro Phe Tyr Arg 130 135 140 Gly Asn GluAsp Thr Pro Tyr Glu Ala Val His Arg His Pro Tyr Pro 145 150 155 160 CysSer Lys Ala Leu Ala Glu Trp Leu Val Leu Glu Ala Asn Gly Arg 165 170 175Lys Val Arg Gly Gly Leu Pro Leu Val Thr Cys Ala Leu Arg Pro Thr 180 185190 Gly Ile Tyr Gly Glu Gly His Gln Ile Met Arg Asp Phe Tyr Arg Gln 195200 205 Gly Leu Arg Leu Gly Gly Trp Leu Phe Arg Ala Ile Pro Ala Ser Val210 215 220 Glu His Gly Arg Val Tyr Val Gly Asn Val Ala Trp Met His ValLeu 225 230 235 240 Ala Ala Arg Glu Leu Glu Gln Arg Ala Ala Leu Met GlyGly Gln Val 245 250 255 Tyr Phe Cys Tyr Asp Gly Ser Pro Tyr Arg Ser TyrGlu Asp Phe Asn 260 265 270 Met Glu Phe Leu Gly Pro Cys Gly Leu Arg LeuVal Gly Ala Arg Pro 275 280 285 Leu Leu Pro Tyr Trp Leu Leu Val Phe LeuAla Ala Leu Asn Ala Leu 290 295 300 Leu Gln Trp Leu Leu Arg Pro Leu ValLeu Tyr Ala Pro Leu Leu Asn 305 310 315 320 Pro Tyr Thr Leu Ala Val AlaAsn Thr Thr Phe Thr Val Ser Thr Asp 325 330 335 Lys Ala Gln Arg His PheGly Tyr Glu Pro Leu Phe Ser Trp Glu Asp 340 345 350 Ser Arg Thr Arg ThrIle Leu Trp Val Gln Ala Ala Thr Gly Ser Ala 355 360 365 Gln <210> SEQ IDNO 9 <211> LENGTH: 1107 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Homo sapiens<220> FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: CDS <222> LOCATION: (1)..(1107) <400>SEQUENCE: 9 atg gcc gac tct gca cag gcc cag aag ctg gtg tac ctg gtc acaggg 48 Met Ala Asp Ser Ala Gln Ala Gln Lys Leu Val Tyr Leu Val Thr Gly 15 10 15 ggc tgt ggc ttc ctg gga gag cac gtg gtg cga atg ctg ctg cag cgg96 Gly Cys Gly Phe Leu Gly Glu His Val Val Arg Met Leu Leu Gln Arg 20 2530 gag ccc cgg ctc ggg gag ctg cgg gtc ttt gac caa cac ctg ggt ccc 144Glu Pro Arg Leu Gly Glu Leu Arg Val Phe Asp Gln His Leu Gly Pro 35 40 45tgg ctg gag gag ctg aag aca ggg cct gtg agg gtg act gcc atc cag 192 TrpLeu Glu Glu Leu Lys Thr Gly Pro Val Arg Val Thr Ala Ile Gln 50 55 60 ggggac gtg acc cag gcc cat gag gtg gca gca gct gtg gcc gga gcc 240 Gly AspVal Thr Gln Ala His Glu Val Ala Ala Ala Val Ala Gly Ala 65 70 75 80 catgtg gtc atc cac acg gct ggg ctg gta gac gtg ttt ggc agg gcc 288 His ValVal Ile His Thr Ala Gly Leu Val Asp Val Phe Gly Arg Ala 85 90 95 agt cccaag acc atc cat gag gtc aac gtg cag ggt acc cgg aac gtg 336 Ser Pro LysThr Ile His Glu Val Asn Val Gln Gly Thr Arg Asn Val 100 105 110 atc gaggct tgt gtg cag acc gga aca cgg ttc ctg gtc tac acc agc 384 Ile Glu AlaCys Val Gln Thr Gly Thr Arg Phe Leu Val Tyr Thr Ser 115 120 125 agc atggaa gtt gtg ggg cct aac acc aaa ggt cac ccc ttc tac agg 432 Ser Met GluVal Val Gly Pro Asn Thr Lys Gly His Pro Phe Tyr Arg 130 135 140 ggc aacgaa gac acc cca tac gaa gca gtg cac agg cac ccc tat cct 480 Gly Asn GluAsp Thr Pro Tyr Glu Ala Val His Arg His Pro Tyr Pro 145 150 155 160 tgcagc aag gcc ctg gcc gag tgg ctg gtc ctg gag gcc aac ggg agg 528 Cys SerLys Ala Leu Ala Glu Trp Leu Val Leu Glu Ala Asn Gly Arg 165 170 175 aaggtc cgt ggg ggg ctg ccc ctg gtg acg tgt gcc ctt cgt ccc acg 576 Lys ValArg Gly Gly Leu Pro Leu Val Thr Cys Ala Leu Arg Pro Thr 180 185 190 ggcatc tac ggt gaa ggc cac cag atc atg agg gac ttc tac cgc cag 624 Gly IleTyr Gly Glu Gly His Gln Ile Met Arg Asp Phe Tyr Arg Gln 195 200 205 ggcctg cgc ctg gga ggt tgg ctc ttc cgg gcc atc ccg gcc tct gtg 672 Gly LeuArg Leu Gly Gly Trp Leu Phe Arg Ala Ile Pro Ala Ser Val 210 215 220 gagcat ggc cgg gtc tat gtg ggc aat gtt gcc tgg atg cac gtg ctg 720 Glu HisGly Arg Val Tyr Val Gly Asn Val Ala Trp Met His Val Leu 225 230 235 240gca gcc cgg gag ctg gag cag cgg gca gcc ctg atg ggc ggc cag gta 768 AlaAla Arg Glu Leu Glu Gln Arg Ala Ala Leu Met Gly Gly Gln Val 245 250 255tac ttc tgc tac gat gga tca ccc tac agg agc tac gag gat ttc aac 816 TyrPhe Cys Tyr Asp Gly Ser Pro Tyr Arg Ser Tyr Glu Asp Phe Asn 260 265 270atg gag ttc ctg ggc ccc tgc gga ctg cgg ctg gtg ggc gcc cgc cca 864 MetGlu Phe Leu Gly Pro Cys Gly Leu Arg Leu Val Gly Ala Arg Pro 275 280 285ttg ctg ccc tac tgg ctg ctg gtg ttc ctg gct gcc ctc aat gcc ctg 912 LeuLeu Pro Tyr Trp Leu Leu Val Phe Leu Ala Ala Leu Asn Ala Leu 290 295 300ctg cag tgg ctg ctg cgg cca ctg gtg ctc tac gca ccc ctg ctg aac 960 LeuGln Trp Leu Leu Arg Pro Leu Val Leu Tyr Ala Pro Leu Leu Asn 305 310 315320 ccc tac acg ctg gcc gtg gcc aac acc acc ttc acc gtc agc acc gac 1008Pro Tyr Thr Leu Ala Val Ala Asn Thr Thr Phe Thr Val Ser Thr Asp 325 330335 aag gct cag cgc cat ttc ggc tat gag ccc ctg ttc tcg tgg gag gat 1056Lys Ala Gln Arg His Phe Gly Tyr Glu Pro Leu Phe Ser Trp Glu Asp 340 345350 agc cgg acc cgc acc att ctc tgg gta cag gcc gct acg ggt tca gcc 1104Ser Arg Thr Arg Thr Ile Leu Trp Val Gln Ala Ala Thr Gly Ser Ala 355 360365 cag 1107 Gln <210> SEQ ID NO 10 <211> LENGTH: 1209 <212> TYPE: DNA<213> ORGANISM: Homo sapiens <220> FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: CDS <222>LOCATION: (61)..(1026) <400> SEQUENCE: 10 cccacgcgtc cgcccacgcgtccgcggacg cgtgggcgga cgcgtgggcg cccgcctcga 60 atg tcc ctg aga ccc agaagg gcc tgc gct cag ctg ctc tgg cac ccc 108 Met Ser Leu Arg Pro Arg ArgAla Cys Ala Gln Leu Leu Trp His Pro 1 5 10 15 gct gca ggg atg gcc tcctgg gct aag ggc agg agc tac ctg gcg cct 156 Ala Ala Gly Met Ala Ser TrpAla Lys Gly Arg Ser Tyr Leu Ala Pro 20 25 30 ggt ttg ctg cag ggc caa gtggcc atc gtc acc ggc ggg gcc acg ggc 204 Gly Leu Leu Gln Gly Gln Val AlaIle Val Thr Gly Gly Ala Thr Gly 35 40 45 atc gga aaa gcc atc gtg aag gagctc ctg gag ctg ggg agt aat gtg 252 Ile Gly Lys Ala Ile Val Lys Glu LeuLeu Glu Leu Gly Ser Asn Val 50 55 60 gtc att gca tcc cgt aag ttg gag agattg aag tct gcg gca gat gaa 300 Val Ile Ala Ser Arg Lys Leu Glu Arg LeuLys Ser Ala Ala Asp Glu 65 70 75 80 ctg cag gcc aac cta cct ccc aca aagcag gca cga gtc att ccc ata 348 Leu Gln Ala Asn Leu Pro Pro Thr Lys GlnAla Arg Val Ile Pro Ile 85 90 95 caa tgc aac atc cgg aat gag gag gag gtgaat aat ttg gtc aaa tct 396 Gln Cys Asn Ile Arg Asn Glu Glu Glu Val AsnAsn Leu Val Lys Ser 100 105 110 acc tta gat act ttt ggt aag atc aat ttcttg gtg aac aat gga gga 444 Thr Leu Asp Thr Phe Gly Lys Ile Asn Phe LeuVal Asn Asn Gly Gly 115 120 125 ggc cag ttt ctt tcc cct gct gaa cac atcagt tct aag gga tgg cac 492 Gly Gln Phe Leu Ser Pro Ala Glu His Ile SerSer Lys Gly Trp His 130 135 140 gct gtg ctt gag acc aac ctg acg ggt accttc tac atg tgc aaa gca 540 Ala Val Leu Glu Thr Asn Leu Thr Gly Thr PheTyr Met Cys Lys Ala 145 150 155 160 gtt tac agc tcc tgg atg aaa gag catgga gga tct atc gtc aat atc 588 Val Tyr Ser Ser Trp Met Lys Glu His GlyGly Ser Ile Val Asn Ile 165 170 175 att gtc cct act aaa gct gga ttt ccatta gct gtg cat tct gga gct 636 Ile Val Pro Thr Lys Ala Gly Phe Pro LeuAla Val His Ser Gly Ala 180 185 190 gca aga gca ggt gtt tac aac ctc accaaa tct tta gct ttg gaa tgg 684 Ala Arg Ala Gly Val Tyr Asn Leu Thr LysSer Leu Ala Leu Glu Trp 195 200 205 gcc tgc agt gga ata cgg atc aat tgtgtt gcc cct gga gtt att tat 732 Ala Cys Ser Gly Ile Arg Ile Asn Cys ValAla Pro Gly Val Ile Tyr 210 215 220 tcc cag act gct gtg gag aac tat ggttcc tgg gga caa agc ttc ttt 780 Ser Gln Thr Ala Val Glu Asn Tyr Gly SerTrp Gly Gln Ser Phe Phe 225 230 235 240 gaa ggg tct ttt cag aaa atc cccgct aaa cga att ggt gtt cct gag 828 Glu Gly Ser Phe Gln Lys Ile Pro AlaLys Arg Ile Gly Val Pro Glu 245 250 255 gag gtc tcc tct gtg gtc tgc ttccta ctg tct cct gca gct tcc ttc 876 Glu Val Ser Ser Val Val Cys Phe LeuLeu Ser Pro Ala Ala Ser Phe 260 265 270 atc act gga cag tcg gtg gat gtggat ggg ggc cgg agt ctc tat act 924 Ile Thr Gly Gln Ser Val Asp Val AspGly Gly Arg Ser Leu Tyr Thr 275 280 285 cac tcg tat gag gta cca gat catgac aac tgg ccc aag gga gca ggg 972 His Ser Tyr Glu Val Pro Asp His AspAsn Trp Pro Lys Gly Ala Gly 290 295 300 gac ctt tct gtt gtc aaa aag atgaag gag acc tta aag gag aaa gct 1020 Asp Leu Ser Val Val Lys Lys Met LysGlu Thr Leu Lys Glu Lys Ala 305 310 315 320 aag ctc tgagctgaggaaacaaggtg tcctccatcc ccagtgcctt cacatcttga 1076 Lys Leu ggatatgcttctgtactttt taaaagctta tagttggtat ggaaaacatt tttcttattt 1136 ttaagtgttattaattatat ctatggaaaa actattcctg aaatatatac agtcttatgt 1196 cccaaaaaaaaaa 1209 <210> SEQ ID NO 11 <211> LENGTH: 322 <212> TYPE: PRT <213>ORGANISM: Homo sapiens <400> SEQUENCE: 11 Met Ser Leu Arg Pro Arg ArgAla Cys Ala Gln Leu Leu Trp His Pro 1 5 10 15 Ala Ala Gly Met Ala SerTrp Ala Lys Gly Arg Ser Tyr Leu Ala Pro 20 25 30 Gly Leu Leu Gln Gly GlnVal Ala Ile Val Thr Gly Gly Ala Thr Gly 35 40 45 Ile Gly Lys Ala Ile ValLys Glu Leu Leu Glu Leu Gly Ser Asn Val 50 55 60 Val Ile Ala Ser Arg LysLeu Glu Arg Leu Lys Ser Ala Ala Asp Glu 65 70 75 80 Leu Gln Ala Asn LeuPro Pro Thr Lys Gln Ala Arg Val Ile Pro Ile 85 90 95 Gln Cys Asn Ile ArgAsn Glu Glu Glu Val Asn Asn Leu Val Lys Ser 100 105 110 Thr Leu Asp ThrPhe Gly Lys Ile Asn Phe Leu Val Asn Asn Gly Gly 115 120 125 Gly Gln PheLeu Ser Pro Ala Glu His Ile Ser Ser Lys Gly Trp His 130 135 140 Ala ValLeu Glu Thr Asn Leu Thr Gly Thr Phe Tyr Met Cys Lys Ala 145 150 155 160Val Tyr Ser Ser Trp Met Lys Glu His Gly Gly Ser Ile Val Asn Ile 165 170175 Ile Val Pro Thr Lys Ala Gly Phe Pro Leu Ala Val His Ser Gly Ala 180185 190 Ala Arg Ala Gly Val Tyr Asn Leu Thr Lys Ser Leu Ala Leu Glu Trp195 200 205 Ala Cys Ser Gly Ile Arg Ile Asn Cys Val Ala Pro Gly Val IleTyr 210 215 220 Ser Gln Thr Ala Val Glu Asn Tyr Gly Ser Trp Gly Gln SerPhe Phe 225 230 235 240 Glu Gly Ser Phe Gln Lys Ile Pro Ala Lys Arg IleGly Val Pro Glu 245 250 255 Glu Val Ser Ser Val Val Cys Phe Leu Leu SerPro Ala Ala Ser Phe 260 265 270 Ile Thr Gly Gln Ser Val Asp Val Asp GlyGly Arg Ser Leu Tyr Thr 275 280 285 His Ser Tyr Glu Val Pro Asp His AspAsn Trp Pro Lys Gly Ala Gly 290 295 300 Asp Leu Ser Val Val Lys Lys MetLys Glu Thr Leu Lys Glu Lys Ala 305 310 315 320 Lys Leu <210> SEQ ID NO12 <211> LENGTH: 966 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Homo sapiens <220>FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: CDS <222> LOCATION: (1)..(966) <400> SEQUENCE:12 atg tcc ctg aga ccc aga agg gcc tgc gct cag ctg ctc tgg cac ccc 48Met Ser Leu Arg Pro Arg Arg Ala Cys Ala Gln Leu Leu Trp His Pro 1 5 1015 gct gca ggg atg gcc tcc tgg gct aag ggc agg agc tac ctg gcg cct 96Ala Ala Gly Met Ala Ser Trp Ala Lys Gly Arg Ser Tyr Leu Ala Pro 20 25 30ggt ttg ctg cag ggc caa gtg gcc atc gtc acc ggc ggg gcc acg ggc 144 GlyLeu Leu Gln Gly Gln Val Ala Ile Val Thr Gly Gly Ala Thr Gly 35 40 45 atcgga aaa gcc atc gtg aag gag ctc ctg gag ctg ggg agt aat gtg 192 Ile GlyLys Ala Ile Val Lys Glu Leu Leu Glu Leu Gly Ser Asn Val 50 55 60 gtc attgca tcc cgt aag ttg gag aga ttg aag tct gcg gca gat gaa 240 Val Ile AlaSer Arg Lys Leu Glu Arg Leu Lys Ser Ala Ala Asp Glu 65 70 75 80 ctg caggcc aac cta cct ccc aca aag cag gca cga gtc att ccc ata 288 Leu Gln AlaAsn Leu Pro Pro Thr Lys Gln Ala Arg Val Ile Pro Ile 85 90 95 caa tgc aacatc cgg aat gag gag gag gtg aat aat ttg gtc aaa tct 336 Gln Cys Asn IleArg Asn Glu Glu Glu Val Asn Asn Leu Val Lys Ser 100 105 110 acc tta gatact ttt ggt aag atc aat ttc ttg gtg aac aat gga gga 384 Thr Leu Asp ThrPhe Gly Lys Ile Asn Phe Leu Val Asn Asn Gly Gly 115 120 125 ggc cag tttctt tcc cct gct gaa cac atc agt tct aag gga tgg cac 432 Gly Gln Phe LeuSer Pro Ala Glu His Ile Ser Ser Lys Gly Trp His 130 135 140 gct gtg cttgag acc aac ctg acg ggt acc ttc tac atg tgc aaa gca 480 Ala Val Leu GluThr Asn Leu Thr Gly Thr Phe Tyr Met Cys Lys Ala 145 150 155 160 gtt tacagc tcc tgg atg aaa gag cat gga gga tct atc gtc aat atc 528 Val Tyr SerSer Trp Met Lys Glu His Gly Gly Ser Ile Val Asn Ile 165 170 175 att gtccct act aaa gct gga ttt cca tta gct gtg cat tct gga gct 576 Ile Val ProThr Lys Ala Gly Phe Pro Leu Ala Val His Ser Gly Ala 180 185 190 gca agagca ggt gtt tac aac ctc acc aaa tct tta gct ttg gaa tgg 624 Ala Arg AlaGly Val Tyr Asn Leu Thr Lys Ser Leu Ala Leu Glu Trp 195 200 205 gcc tgcagt gga ata cgg atc aat tgt gtt gcc cct gga gtt att tat 672 Ala Cys SerGly Ile Arg Ile Asn Cys Val Ala Pro Gly Val Ile Tyr 210 215 220 tcc cagact gct gtg gag aac tat ggt tcc tgg gga caa agc ttc ttt 720 Ser Gln ThrAla Val Glu Asn Tyr Gly Ser Trp Gly Gln Ser Phe Phe 225 230 235 240 gaaggg tct ttt cag aaa atc ccc gct aaa cga att ggt gtt cct gag 768 Glu GlySer Phe Gln Lys Ile Pro Ala Lys Arg Ile Gly Val Pro Glu 245 250 255 gaggtc tcc tct gtg gtc tgc ttc cta ctg tct cct gca gct tcc ttc 816 Glu ValSer Ser Val Val Cys Phe Leu Leu Ser Pro Ala Ala Ser Phe 260 265 270 atcact gga cag tcg gtg gat gtg gat ggg ggc cgg agt ctc tat act 864 Ile ThrGly Gln Ser Val Asp Val Asp Gly Gly Arg Ser Leu Tyr Thr 275 280 285 cactcg tat gag gta cca gat cat gac aac tgg ccc aag gga gca ggg 912 His SerTyr Glu Val Pro Asp His Asp Asn Trp Pro Lys Gly Ala Gly 290 295 300 gacctt tct gtt gtc aaa aag atg aag gag acc tta aag gag aaa gct 960 Asp LeuSer Val Val Lys Lys Met Lys Glu Thr Leu Lys Glu Lys Ala 305 310 315 320aag ctc 966 Lys Leu <210> SEQ ID NO 13 <211> LENGTH: 492 <212> TYPE: PRT<213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHERINFORMATION: Aldehyde dehydrogenase family domain <400> SEQUENCE: 13 GluTrp Val Asp Ser Ala Ser Gly Lys Thr Phe Glu Val Val Asn Pro 1 5 10 15Ala Asn Lys Gly Glu Val Ile Gly Arg Val Pro Glu Ala Thr Ala Glu 20 25 30Asp Val Asp Ala Ala Val Lys Ala Ala Lys Glu Ala Phe Lys Ser Gly 35 40 45Pro Trp Trp Ala Lys Val Pro Ala Ser Glu Arg Ala Arg Ile Leu Arg 50 55 60Lys Leu Ala Asp Leu Ile Glu Glu Arg Glu Asp Glu Leu Ala Ala Leu 65 70 7580 Glu Thr Leu Asp Leu Gly Lys Pro Leu Ala Glu Ala Lys Gly Asp Thr 85 9095 Glu Val Gly Arg Ala Ile Asp Glu Ile Arg Tyr Tyr Ala Gly Trp Ala 100105 110 Arg Lys Leu Met Gly Glu Arg Arg Val Ile Pro Ser Leu Ala Thr Asp115 120 125 Gly Asp Glu Glu Leu Asn Tyr Thr Arg Arg Glu Pro Leu Gly ValVal 130 135 140 Gly Val Ile Ser Pro Trp Asn Phe Pro Leu Leu Leu Ala LeuTrp Lys 145 150 155 160 Leu Ala Pro Ala Leu Ala Ala Gly Asn Thr Val ValLeu Lys Pro Ser 165 170 175 Glu Gln Thr Pro Leu Thr Ala Leu Leu Leu AlaGlu Leu Ile Glu Glu 180 185 190 Ala Gly Ala Asn Asn Leu Pro Lys Gly ValVal Asn Val Val Pro Gly 195 200 205 Phe Gly Ala Glu Val Gly Gln Ala LeuLeu Ser His Pro Asp Ile Asp 210 215 220 Lys Ile Ser Phe Thr Gly Ser ThrGlu Val Gly Lys Leu Ile Met Glu 225 230 235 240 Ala Ala Ala Ala Lys AsnLeu Lys Lys Val Thr Leu Glu Leu Gly Gly 245 250 255 Lys Ser Pro Val IleVal Phe Asp Asp Ala Asp Leu Asp Lys Ala Val 260 265 270 Glu Arg Ile ValPhe Gly Ala Phe Gly Asn Ala Gly Gln Val Cys Ile 275 280 285 Ala Pro SerArg Leu Leu Val His Glu Ser Ile Tyr Asp Glu Phe Val 290 295 300 Glu LysLeu Lys Glu Arg Val Lys Lys Leu Lys Leu Ile Gly Asp Pro 305 310 315 320Leu Asp Ser Asp Thr Asn Ile Tyr Gly Pro Leu Ile Ser Glu Gln Gln 325 330335 Phe Asp Arg Val Leu Ser Tyr Ile Glu Asp Gly Lys Glu Glu Gly Ala 340345 350 Lys Val Leu Cys Gly Gly Glu Arg Asp Glu Ser Lys Glu Tyr Leu Gly355 360 365 Gly Gly Tyr Tyr Val Gln Pro Thr Ile Phe Thr Asp Val Thr ProAsp 370 375 380 Met Lys Ile Met Lys Glu Glu Ile Phe Gly Pro Val Leu ProIle Ile 385 390 395 400 Lys Phe Lys Asp Leu Asp Glu Ala Ile Glu Leu AlaAsn Asp Thr Glu 405 410 415 Tyr Gly Leu Ala Ala Tyr Val Phe Thr Lys AspIle Leu Ala Arg Ala 420 425 430 Phe Val Arg Ala Lys Ala Leu Glu Ala GlyIle Val Trp Val Asn Asp 435 440 445 Val Cys Val His Ala Ala Glu Pro GlnLeu Pro Phe Gly Gly Val His 450 455 460 Gln Ser Ser Gly Ile Gly Arg GluHis Gly Gly Lys Tyr Gly Leu Glu 465 470 475 480 Glu Tyr Thr Glu Ile LysThr Val Thr Ile Arg Leu 485 490 <210> SEQ ID NO 14 <211> LENGTH: 289<212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>OTHER INFORMATION: Aldehyde dehydrogenase oxidoreductase domain <400>SEQUENCE: 14 Glu Ala Gly Leu Pro Pro Gly Val Ile Asn Val Val Thr Gly PheGly 1 5 10 15 Gly Ala Glu Val Gly Glu Ala Leu Val Ser His Pro Asp IleAsp Lys 20 25 30 Ile Ser Phe Thr Gly Ser Thr Glu Val Gly Lys Ala Ile MetLys Ala 35 40 45 Ala Ala Glu Lys Asn Leu Lys Pro Val Thr Leu Glu Leu GlyGly Lys 50 55 60 Asn Pro Val Ile Val Phe Glu Asp Ala Asp Asp Leu Asp LysAla Val 65 70 75 80 Glu Ser Val Val Phe Gly Ala Phe Phe Asn Ser Gly GlnVal Cys Thr 85 90 95 Ala Ala Ser Arg Ile Phe Val Gln Glu Ser Ile Tyr AspGlu Phe Val 100 105 110 Glu Lys Leu Val Glu Arg Val Lys Lys Leu Lys LysVal Gly Glu Asp 115 120 125 Asp Pro Leu Asp Pro Asp Thr Asp Met Gly ProLeu Ile Asn Glu Glu 130 135 140 Gln Tyr Glu Lys Ile Gln Ser Tyr Ile GluGlu Ala Lys Ala Glu Gly 145 150 155 160 Ala Lys Leu Val Cys Gly Gly GluArg Arg Lys Ala Gly Asp Glu Gly 165 170 175 Gly Tyr Phe Ile Gln Pro ThrIle Leu Thr Asp Val Thr Glu Asp Met 180 185 190 Arg Ile Met Gln Glu GluIle Phe Gly Pro Val Leu Pro Val Ile Lys 195 200 205 Phe Lys Asp Asp LeuAsp Glu Ala Ile Glu Leu Ala Asn Asp Thr Glu 210 215 220 Tyr Gly Leu AlaAla Gly Val Phe Thr Arg Asp Ile Glu Arg Ala Gln 225 230 235 240 Arg ValAla Glu Arg Leu Glu Ala Gly Thr Val Trp Val Asn Asp Asn 245 250 255 IleTyr His Val Ser Ala Glu Ala Gln Ala Pro Phe Gly Gly Tyr Lys 260 265 270Gln Ser Gly Ile Gly Gly Arg Glu Gly Gly Lys Tyr Gly Leu Glu Glu 275 280285 Tyr <210> SEQ ID NO 15 <211> LENGTH: 301 <212> TYPE: PRT <213>ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:Aldehyde dehydrogenase oxidoreductase domain <400> SEQUENCE: 15 Arg AlaArg Ile Leu Arg Lys Leu Ala Asp Leu Leu Glu Glu Asn Lys 1 5 10 15 AspGlu Leu Ala Ala Leu Glu Thr Leu Glu Thr Gly Lys Pro Leu Ala 20 25 30 GluAla Lys Val Ala Glu Val Ala Arg Ala Val Asp Tyr Leu Arg Tyr 35 40 45 TyrAla Gly Met Ala Glu Lys Leu Met Gly Glu Glu Thr Ile Pro Thr 50 55 60 SerLeu Ser Glu Ser Pro Gly Ser Met Ser Tyr Thr Met Arg Glu Pro 65 70 75 80Leu Gly Val Val Ala Ala Ile Thr Pro Trp Asn Phe Pro Leu Met Met 85 90 95Ala Val Trp Lys Ile Ala Pro Ala Leu Ala Ala Gly Asn Thr Val Val 100 105110 Leu Lys Pro Ser Glu Gln Thr Pro Leu Thr Ala Leu Leu Leu Ala Glu 115120 125 Leu Ile Lys Glu Ala Glu Ala Gly Leu Pro Pro Gly Val Ile Asn Val130 135 140 Val Thr Gly Phe Gly Gly Ala Glu Val Gly Glu Ala Leu Val SerHis 145 150 155 160 Pro Asp Ile Asp Lys Ile Ser Phe Thr Gly Ser Thr GluVal Gly Lys 165 170 175 Ala Ile Met Lys Ala Ala Ala Glu Lys Asn Leu LysPro Val Thr Leu 180 185 190 Glu Leu Gly Gly Lys Asn Pro Val Ile Val PheGlu Asp Ala Asp Asp 195 200 205 Leu Asp Lys Ala Val Glu Ser Val Val PheGly Ala Phe Phe Asn Ser 210 215 220 Gly Gln Val Cys Thr Ala Ala Ser ArgIle Phe Val Gln Glu Ser Ile 225 230 235 240 Thr Asp Glu Phe Val Glu LysLeu Val Glu Arg Val Lys Lys Leu Leu 245 250 255 Lys Val Gly Glu Asp AspPro Leu Asp Pro Asp Thr Asp Met Gly Pro 260 265 270 Leu Ile Asn Glu GluGln Tyr Glu Lys Ile Gln Ser Tyr Ile Glu Glu 275 280 285 Ala Lys Ala GluGly Ala Lys Leu Val Cys Gly Gly Glu 290 295 300 <210> SEQ ID NO 16 <211>LENGTH: 236 <212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220>FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Aldehyde dehydrogenase oxidoreductasedomain <400> SEQUENCE: 16 Thr Asn Gly Glu Val Ile Ala Gln Val Pro GluAla Thr Lys Glu Asp 1 5 10 15 Val Asp Lys Ala Val Glu Ala Ala Arg GluAla Phe Lys Gly Gly Glu 20 25 30 Trp Gly Lys Thr Ser Pro Leu Ser Glu ArgAla Arg Ile Leu Arg Lys 35 40 45 Leu Ala Asp Leu Leu Glu Glu Asn Lys AspGlu Leu Ala Ala Leu Glu 50 55 60 Thr Leu Glu Thr Gly Lys Pro Leu Ala GluAla Lys Val Ala Glu Val 65 70 75 80 Ala Arg Ala Val Asp Tyr Leu Arg TyrTyr Ala Gly Met Ala Glu Lys 85 90 95 Leu Met Gly Glu Glu Thr Ile Pro ThrSer Leu Ser Glu Ser Pro Gly 100 105 110 Ser Met Ser Tyr Thr Met Arg GluPro Leu Gly Val Val Ala Ala Ile 115 120 125 Thr Pro Trp Asn Phe Pro LeuMet Met Ala Val Trp Lys Ile Ala Pro 130 135 140 Ala Leu Ala Ala Gly AsnThr Val Val Leu Lys Pro Ser Glu Gln Thr 145 150 155 160 Pro Leu Thr AlaLeu Leu Leu Glu Ala Leu Ile Lys Glu Ala Glu Ala 165 170 175 Gly Leu ProPro Gly Val Ile Asn Val Val Thr Gly Phe Gly Gly Ala 180 185 190 Glu ValGly Glu Ala Leu Val Ser His Pro Asp Ile Asp Lys Ile Ser 195 200 205 PheThr Gly Ser Thr Glu Val Gly Lys Ala Ile Met Lys Ala Ala Ala 210 215 220Glu Lys Asn Leu Lys Pro Val Thr Leu Glu Lys Gly 225 230 235 <210> SEQ IDNO 17 <211> LENGTH: 203 <212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: ArtificialSequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Short chaindehydrogenase domain <400> SEQUENCE: 17 Lys Val Ala Leu Val Thr Gly AlaSer Ser Gly Ile Gly Leu Ala Ile 1 5 10 15 Ala Lys Arg Leu Ala Lys GluGly Ala Lys Val Val Val Ala Asp Arg 20 25 30 Asn Glu Glu Lys Leu Glu LysGly Ala Val Ala Lys Glu Leu Lys Glu 35 40 45 Leu Gly Gly Asn Asp Lys AspArg Ala Leu Ala Ile Gln Leu Asp Val 50 55 60 Thr Asp Glu Glu Ser Val AlaAla Val Glu Gln Ala Val Glu Arg Leu 65 70 75 80 Gly Arg Leu Asp Val LeuVal Asn Asn Ala Gly Gly Ile Ile Leu Leu 85 90 95 Arg Pro Gly Pro Phe AlaGlu Leu Ser Arg Thr Met Glu Glu Asp Trp 100 105 110 Asp Arg Val Ile AspVal Asn Leu Thr Gly Val Phe Leu Leu Thr Arg 115 120 125 Ala Val Leu ProLeu Met Ala Met Lys Lys Arg Gly Gly Gly Arg Leu 130 135 140 Val Asn IleSer Ser Val Ala Gly Arg Lys Glu Gly Gly Leu Val Gly 145 150 155 160 ValPro Gly Gly Ser Ala Tyr Ser Ala Ser Lys Ala Ala Val Ile Gly 165 170 175Leu Thr Arg Ser Leu Ala Leu Glu Leu Ala Pro His Gly Ile Arg Val 180 185190 Asn Ala Val Ala Pro Gly Gly Val Asp Thr Asp 195 200 <210> SEQ ID NO18 <211> LENGTH: 138 <212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Oxidoreductase proteindehydrogenase domain <400> SEQUENCE: 18 Asp Val Glu Asp Val Glu Lys LeuVal Glu Thr Val Val Glu Glu Phe 1 5 10 15 Ser Gly Ile His Gly Lys IleAsp Val Leu Val Asn Asn Ala Gly Val 20 25 30 Met Ala Pro Lys Ala Val AlaGlu Ser Met Thr Glu Glu Thr Ser Asp 35 40 45 Asp Glu Glu Trp Glu Glu ValIle Glu Val Asn Val Thr Gly Thr Phe 50 55 60 Asn Leu Thr Gln Ala Ala LeuPro Ala Met Lys Lys Phe Ser Asp Ala 65 70 75 80 Ala Ala Lys Lys Arg PheVal Gly Thr Ile Val Asn Val Ala Ser Val 85 90 95 Ala Gly Ser Thr Met GlySer Pro Gly Ser Gln Ala Ala Tyr Ser Ala 100 105 110 Ser Lys Ala Ala ValGlu Ser Phe Thr Lys Ser Leu Ala Met Glu Leu 115 120 125 Ser Pro Tyr SerAla Ser Val Ala Met Val 130 135 <210> SEQ ID NO 19 <211> LENGTH: 425<212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>OTHER INFORMATION: 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain <400>SEQUENCE: 19 Glu Leu Ser Glu Ser Leu Asp Met Ala Gly Leu Ser Cys Leu ValThr 1 5 10 15 Gly Gly Gly Gly Phe Leu Gly Arg His Ile Val Arg Glu LeuLeu Arg 20 25 30 Glu Gly Glu Ser Leu Gln Glu Val Arg Val Phe Asp Leu ArgPhe Ser 35 40 45 Pro Glu Leu Asp Glu Asp Ser Ser Lys Leu Gln Val Ile ThrLys Ile 50 55 60 Lys Tyr Ile Glu Gly Asp Val Thr Asp Lys Gln Asp Leu AlaAla Ala 65 70 75 80 Leu Gln Gly Ile Ser Cys Cys Thr Leu Leu Asp Met ThrLeu Met Asp 85 90 95 Asp Val Val Ile His Thr Ala Ala Ile Ile Asp Val PheGly Glu Leu 100 105 110 Arg Val Ser Gly Ser Asp Leu Ser Phe Gly Val ThrVal Leu Phe Leu 115 120 125 Ala Val Thr Glu Gly Ser Tyr Val Val Phe TyrMet Gly Ala Thr Asp 130 135 140 Leu Arg Lys Ala Ser Arg Asp Arg Ile MetLys Val Asn Val Lys Gly 145 150 155 160 Thr Gln Asn Val Leu Asp Ala CysVal Glu Ala Gly Val Arg Val Leu 165 170 175 Val Tyr Thr Ser Ser Met GluVal Val Gly Pro Asn Ser Arg Gly Gln 180 185 190 Pro Ile Val Asn Gly AspGlu Thr Thr Pro Tyr Glu Ser Thr Asp Asp 195 200 205 His Gln Asp Ala TyrPro Glu Ser Lys Ala Leu Ala Glu Lys Leu Val 210 215 220 Leu Lys Ala AsnGly Ser Met Leu Lys Asn Gly Gly Arg Leu Tyr Thr 225 230 235 240 Cys AlaLeu Arg Pro Ala Gly Ile Phe Gly Glu Gly Asp Gln Phe Leu 245 250 255 ValPro Phe Leu Arg Gln Leu Val Lys Asn Gly Leu Ala Lys Phe Arg 260 265 270Ile Gly Asp Lys Asn Ala Leu Ser Asp Arg Val Tyr Val Gly Asn Val 275 280285 Ala Trp Ala His Ile Leu Ala Ala Arg Ala Leu Gln Asp Pro Lys Lys 290295 300 Gly Arg Glu Gly Ala Ser Ser Ile Ala Gly Gln Ala Tyr Phe Ile Ser305 310 315 320 Asp Asp Ser Pro Val Asn Ser Tyr Asp Asp Phe Asn Arg ThrLeu Leu 325 330 335 Lys Ala Leu Gly Leu Arg Leu Pro Ser Thr Trp Arg LeuPro Leu Pro 340 345 350 Leu Leu Tyr Val Leu Ala Tyr Leu Asn Glu Leu LeuSer Trp Leu Leu 355 360 365 Arg Lys Leu Ala Leu Arg Tyr Thr Pro Leu LeuAsn Pro Tyr Thr Val 370 375 380 Thr Leu Ala Asn Thr Thr Phe Thr Phe SerThr Asn Lys Ala Lys Lys 385 390 395 400 Asp Leu Gly Tyr Glu Pro Leu ValThr Trp Glu Glu Ala Arg Ala Lys 405 410 415 Thr Ile Glu Trp Ile Gln GluLeu Glu 420 425 <210> SEQ ID NO 20 <211> LENGTH: 203 <212> TYPE: PRT<213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHERINFORMATION: Short chain dehydrogenase domain <400> SEQUENCE: 20 Lys ValAla Leu Val Thr Gly Ala Ser Ser Gly Ile Gly Leu Ala Ile 1 5 10 15 AlaLys Arg Leu Ala Lys Glu Gly Ala Lys Val Val Val Ala Asp Arg 20 25 30 AsnGlu Glu Lys Leu Glu Lys Gly Ala Val Ala Leu Glu Leu Lys Glu 35 40 45 LeuGly Gly Asn Asp Lys Asp Arg Ala Leu Ala Ile Gln Leu Asp Val 50 55 60 ThrAsp Glu Glu Ser Val Ala Ala Val Glu Gln Ala Val Glu Arg Leu 65 70 75 80Gly Arg Leu Asp Val Leu Val Asn Asn Ala Gly Gly Ile Ile Leu Leu 85 90 95Arg Pro Gly Pro Phe Ala Glu Leu Ser Arg Thr Met Glu Glu Asp Trp 100 105110 Asp Arg Val Ile Asp Val Asn Leu Thr Gly Val Phe Leu Leu Thr Arg 115120 125 Ala Val Leu Pro Leu Met Ala Met Lys Lys Arg Gly Gly Gly Arg Ile130 135 140 Val Asn Ile Ser Ser Val Ala Gly Arg Lys Glu Gly Gly Leu ValGly 145 150 155 160 Val Pro Gly Gly Ser Ala Tyr Ser Ala Ser Lys Ala AlaVal Ile Gly 165 170 175 Leu Thr Arg Ser Leu Ala Leu Glu Leu Ala Pro HisGly Ile Arg Val 180 185 190 Asn Ala Val Ala Pro Gly Gly Val Asp Thr Asp195 200 <210> SEQ ID NO 21 <211> LENGTH: 359 <212> TYPE: PRT <213>ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase domain <400> SEQUENCE: 21 Ile LeuVal Thr Gly Gly Ala Gly Phe Ile Gly Ser His Leu Val Arg 1 5 10 15 GluLeu Leu Asn Asn Tyr Gly Asp Asp Lys Val Val Val Leu Asp Asn 20 25 30 LeuThr Asp Tyr Tyr Gln Tyr Ala Gly Asn Glu Ala Arg Leu Glu Val 35 40 45 ValGlu Gly Asn Pro Arg Tyr Thr Phe Val Lys Gly Asp Ile Cys Asp 50 55 60 ArgAsp Leu Leu Asp Lys Val Phe Ala Glu His Gln Pro Asp Ala Val 65 70 75 80Ile His Phe Ala Ala Glu Ser His Val Asp Arg Ser Ile Glu Lys Pro 85 90 95Leu Ala Tyr Ile Asp Thr Asn Val Val Gly Thr Leu Thr Leu Leu Glu 100 105110 Ala Ala Arg Asn Tyr Trp Ser Ala Leu Asp Glu Thr Lys Ala Gly Val 115120 125 Lys Lys Phe Val Phe Ser Ser Thr Asp Glu Val Tyr Gly Asp Leu Glu130 135 140 Ser Ile Pro Ile Ser Ala Phe Thr Glu Asp Thr Pro Tyr Asn ProSer 145 150 155 160 Ser Pro Tyr Gly Ala Ser Lys Ala Ser Ser Glu Leu LeuVal Arg Ala 165 170 175 Tyr His Arg Ala Tyr Gly Leu Pro Ala Ile Ile LeuArg Tyr Phe Asn 180 185 190 Val Tyr Gly Pro Tyr Gln Ser Gly Arg Ile GlyGlu Asp Pro Asn Gly 195 200 205 Phe Pro Glu Lys Leu Ile Pro Leu Ile IleGln Asn Ala Leu Gly Lys 210 215 220 Gly Glu Pro Leu Pro Val Tyr Gly AspAsp Tyr Pro Thr Pro Asp Gly 225 230 235 240 Thr Gln Val Arg Asp Trp IleHis Val Glu Asp His Ala Arg Ala Asn 245 250 255 His Leu Leu Ala Leu ThrLys Gly Arg Ala Gly Lys Gly Ser Glu Val 260 265 270 Tyr Asn Ile Gly GlyGly Asn Glu Tyr Ser Asn Leu Glu Val Val Glu 275 280 285 Ala Ile Glu LysLeu Leu Gly Glu Leu Ala Pro Glu Lys Pro His Val 290 295 300 Lys Ala LysGlu Asp Pro Ala Thr Phe Val Asp Asp Arg Pro Gly Asp 305 310 315 320 AspAla Arg Tyr Ala Ala Asp Ala Ser Lys Ile Lys Arg Glu Leu Gly 325 330 335Trp Lys Pro Glu Val Thr Asn Leu Glu Glu Gly Leu Ala Asp Thr Val 340 345350 Asn Trp Tyr Leu Glu Asn Glu 355 <210> SEQ ID NO 22 <211> LENGTH: 12<212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>OTHER INFORMATION: S-adenosylmethionine synthetase domain <400>SEQUENCE: 22 His Phe Gly Arg Glu Glu Val Asp Phe Pro Trp Glu 1 5 10<210> SEQ ID NO 23 <211> LENGTH: 257 <212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM:Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: 3-betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain <400> SEQUENCE: 23 Tyr Lys Phe AsnVal Gln Gly Thr Arg Asn Leu Ile Glu Lys Cys Arg 1 5 10 15 Phe Phe GlyVal Met Glu Val Ala Gly Pro Asn Ser Tyr Lys Glu Ile 20 25 30 Ile Leu AsnGly His Glu Glu Glu His His Glu Ser Thr Trp Pro Asn 35 40 45 Pro Tyr ProTyr Tyr Ser Lys Lys Met Ala Glu Lys Ala Val Leu Ala 50 55 60 Ala Asn GlySer Met Leu Lys Asn Gly Gly Thr Leu Tyr Thr Cys Ala 65 70 75 80 Leu ArgPro Met Tyr Ile Tyr Gly Glu Gly Asp Lys Phe Leu Ser Pro 85 90 95 Met IleVal Gln Ala Leu Lys Asn Gly Gly Ile Met Phe Arg Val Gly 100 105 110 GlyLys Phe Ser Val Ala Asn Pro Val Tyr Val Gly Asn Val Ala Trp 115 120 125Ala His Ile Leu Ala Ala Arg Gly Leu Gln Asp Pro Lys Lys Ser Pro 130 135140 Asn Ile Gln Gly Gln Phe Tyr Tyr Ile Ser Asp Asp Thr Pro His Gln 145150 155 160 Ser Tyr Asp Asp Leu Asn Tyr Thr Leu Ser Lys Glu Trp Gly LeuArg 165 170 175 Leu Asp Ser Ser Lys Trp Arg Leu Pro Leu Pro Leu Leu TyrTrp Leu 180 185 190 Ala Phe Leu Leu Glu Met Val Ser Phe Leu Leu Arg ProIle Ser Tyr 195 200 205 Asn Tyr Gln Pro Pro Phe Asn Arg His Leu Val ThrLeu Ser Asn Thr 210 215 220 Thr Phe Thr Phe Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ala Gln ArgAsp Leu Gly Tyr Glu 225 230 235 240 Pro Leu Val Ser Trp Glu Glu Ala LysGln Lys Thr Ser Glu Trp Ile 245 250 255 Glu <210> SEQ ID NO 24 <211>LENGTH: 23 <212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220>FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenasedomain <400> SEQUENCE: 24 Val Tyr Ala Val Thr Gly Gly Ala Glu Phe LeuGly Arg Tyr Ile Val 1 5 10 15 Lys Leu Leu Ile Ser Ala Asp 20 <210> SEQID NO 25 <211> LENGTH: 303 <212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Rattusnorvegicus <400> SEQUENCE: 25 Met Gly Ser Trp Lys Ser Gly Gln Ser TyrLeu Ala Ala Gly Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Gln Asn Gln Val Ala Val Val Thr GlyGly Ala Thr Gly Ile Gly Lys 20 25 30 Ala Ile Ser Arg Glu Leu Leu His LeuGly Cys Asn Val Val Ile Ala 35 40 45 Ser Arg Lys Leu Asp Arg Leu Thr AlaAla Val Asp Glu Leu Arg Ala 50 55 60 Ser Gln Pro Pro Ser Ser Ser Thr GlnVal Thr Ala Ile Gln Cys Asn 65 70 75 80 Ile Arg Lys Glu Glu Glu Val AsnAsn Leu Val Lys Ser Thr Leu Ala 85 90 95 Lys Tyr Gly Lys Ile Asn Phe LeuVal Asn Asn Ala Gly Gly Gln Phe 100 105 110 Met Ala Pro Ala Glu Asp IleThr Ala Lys Gly Trp Gln Ala Val Ile 115 120 125 Glu Thr Asn Leu Thr GlyThr Phe Tyr Met Cys Lys Ala Val Tyr Asn 130 135 140 Ser Trp Met Lys AspHis Gly Gly Ser Ile Val Asn Ile Ile Val Leu 145 150 155 160 Leu Asn AsnGly Phe Pro Thr Ala Ala His Ser Gly Ala Ala Arg Ala 165 170 175 Gly ValTyr Asn Leu Thr Lys Thr Met Ala Leu Thr Trp Ala Ser Ser 180 185 190 GlyVal Arg Ile Asn Cys Val Ala Pro Gly Thr Ile Tyr Ser Gln Thr 195 200 205Ala Val Asp Asn Tyr Gly Glu Leu Gly Gln Thr Met Phe Glu Met Ala 210 215220 Phe Glu Asn Ile Pro Ala Lys Arg Val Gly Leu Pro Glu Glu Ile Ser 225230 235 240 Pro Leu Val Cys Phe Leu Leu Ser Pro Ala Ala Ser Phe Ile ThrGly 245 250 255 Gln Leu Ile Asn Val Asp Gly Gly Gln Ala Leu Tyr Thr ArgAsn Phe 260 265 270 Thr Ile Pro Asp His Asp Asn Trp Pro Val Gly Ala GlyAsp Ser Ser 275 280 285 Phe Ile Lys Lys Val Lys Glu Ser Leu Lys Lys GlnAla Arg Leu 290 295 300 <210> SEQ ID NO 26 <211> LENGTH: 203 <212> TYPE:PRT <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHERINFORMATION: Short chain dehydrogenase domain <400> SEQUENCE: 26 Lys ValAla Leu Val Thr Gly Ala Ser Ser Gly Ile Gly Leu Ala Ile 1 5 10 15 AlaLys Arg Leu Ala Lys Glu Gly Ala Lys Val Val Val Ala Asp Arg 20 25 30 AsnGlu Glu Lys Leu Glu Lys Gly Ala Val Ala Lys Glu Leu Lys Glu 35 40 45 LeuGly Gly Asn Asp Lys Asp Arg Ala Leu Ala Ile Gln Leu Asp Val 50 55 60 ThrAsp Glu Glu Ser Val Ala Ala Val Glu Gln Ala Val Glu Arg Leu 65 70 75 80Gly Arg Leu Asp Val Leu Val Asn Asn Ala Gly Gly Ile Ile Leu Leu 85 90 95Arg Pro Gly Pro Phe Ala Glu Leu Ser Arg Thr Met Glu Glu Asp Trp 100 105110 Asp Arg Val Ile Asp Val Asn Leu Thr Gly Val Phe Leu Leu Thr Arg 115120 125 Ala Val Leu Pro Leu Met Ala Met Lys Lys Arg Gly Gly Gly Arg Ile130 135 140 Val Asn Ile Ser Ser Val Ala Gly Arg Lys Glu Gly Gly Leu ValGly 145 150 155 160 Val Pro Gly Gly Ser Ala Tyr Ser Ala Ser Lys Ala AlaVal Ile Gly 165 170 175 Leu Thr Arg Ser Leu Ala Leu Glu Leu Ala Pro HisGly Ile Arg Val 180 185 190 Asn Ala Val Ala Pro Gly Gly Val Asp Thr Asp195 200 <210> SEQ ID NO 27 <211> LENGTH: 31 <212> TYPE: PRT <213>ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:Short chain dehydrogenase/reductase domain <400> SEQUENCE: 27 Gly ArgLeu Gly Glu Pro Glu Glu Ile Ala Asn Ala Val Val Phe Leu 1 5 10 15 AlaSer Asp Ala Ala Ser Tyr Ile Thr Gly Gln Thr Leu Val Val 20 25 30 <210>SEQ ID NO 28 <211> LENGTH: 207 <212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM:Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:oxidoreductase protein dehydrogenase domain <400> SEQUENCE: 28 Lys ValVal Val Val Ser Ala Thr Ser Glu Glu Ser Glu Ser Thr Glu 1 5 10 15 AlaSer Lys Glu Ser Ala Met Glu Val Ser Lys Ala Val Asn Ala Glu 20 25 30 ValSer Ala Thr Met Gln Ala Val Gly Val Thr Val Thr Lys Val Thr 35 40 45 CysAsp Val Ala Asp Val Glu Asp Val Glu Lys Leu Val Glu Thr Val 50 55 60 ValGlu Glu Phe Ser Gly Ile His Gly Lys Ile Asp Val Leu Val Asn 65 70 75 80Asn Ala Gly Val Met Ala Pro Lys Ala Val Ala Glu Ser Met Thr Glu 85 90 95Glu Thr Ser Asp Asp Glu Glu Trp Glu Glu Val Ile Glu Val Asn Val 100 105110 Thr Gly Thr Phe Asn Leu Thr Gln Ala Ala Leu Pro Ala Met Lys Lys 115120 125 Phe Ser Asp Ala Ala Ala Lys Lys Arg Phe Val Gly Thr Ile Val Asn130 135 140 Val Ala Ser Val Ala Gly Ser Thr Met Gly Ser Pro Gly Ser GlnAla 145 150 155 160 Ala Tyr Ser Ala Ser Lys Ala Ala Val Glu Ser Phe ThrLys Ser Leu 165 170 175 Ala Met Glu Leu Ser Pro Tyr Ser Ala Ser Val AlaMet Val Arg Val 180 185 190 Asn Ala Val Ala Pro Gly Tyr Val Glu Thr AspAla Leu Glu Ser 195 200 205 <210> SEQ ID NO 29 <211> LENGTH: 100 <212>TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHERINFORMATION: oxidoreductase protein dehydrogenase domain <400> SEQUENCE:29 Gly Lys Thr Val Leu Val Thr Gly Gly Ser Gly Phe Ser Gly Ile Gly 1 510 15 Leu Ala Ile Ala Arg Gln Leu Ala Glu Glu Gly Ala Lys Val Val Val 2025 30 Val Ser Ala Thr Ser Glu Glu Ser Glu Ser Thr Glu Ala Ser Lys Glu 3540 45 Ser Ala Met Glu Val Ser Lys Ala Val Asn Ala Glu Val Ser Ala Thr 5055 60 Met Gln Ala Val Gly Val Thr Val Thr Lys Val Thr Cys Asp Val Ala 6570 75 80 Asp Val Glu Asp Val Glu Lys Leu Val Glu Thr Val Val Glu Glu Phe85 90 95 Ser Gly Ile His 100 <210> SEQ ID NO 30 <211> LENGTH: 23 <212>TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHERINFORMATION: oxidoreductase protein dehydrogenase domain <400> SEQUENCE:30 Ala Leu Glu Ser Ala Thr Asn Gly Leu Ser Val Val Thr Val Arg Pro 1 510 15 Gly Asn Val Arg Val Asn Thr 20 <210> SEQ ID NO 31 <211> LENGTH: 14<212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223>OTHER INFORMATION: A2M domain <400> SEQUENCE: 31 Ile Asp Glu Asp Asp IleThr Ile Arg Ser Tyr Phe Pro Glu 1 5 10 <210> SEQ ID NO 32 <211> LENGTH:47 <212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE:<223> OTHER INFORMATION: shikimate 5-dehydrogenase domain <400>SEQUENCE: 32 Leu Gly Gly Lys Thr Ala Leu Val Val Gly Ala Gly Gly Ala GlyLys 1 5 10 15 Ala Ala Ala Leu Ala Leu Leu Asp Met Gly Ser Thr Val IleVal Ala 20 25 30 Asn Arg Thr Glu Glu Lys Gly Arg Glu Ala Val Glu Met LeuArg 35 40 45 <210> SEQ ID NO 33 <211> LENGTH: 50 <212> TYPE: PRT <213>ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION:dehydrogenase domain <400> SEQUENCE: 33 Glu Asp Leu Leu Glu Asp Ala ArgGln Asn Thr Pro Ala Gly Arg Met 1 5 10 15 Val Glu Ile Lys Asp Met ValAsp Thr Val Glu Phe Leu Val Ser Ser 20 25 30 Lys Ala Asp Met Ile Arg GlyGln Thr Ile Ile Val Asp Gly Gly Arg 35 40 45 Ser Leu 50 <210> SEQ ID NO34 <211> LENGTH: 57 <212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence<220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: hypothetical protein domain<400> SEQUENCE: 34 Phe Tyr Lys Pro Asn Leu Glu Gln Tyr Gln His Arg TrpThr Val Val 1 5 10 15 Ser Gly Gly Thr Asp Gly Ile Gly Lys Ala Tyr ThrLeu Glu Leu Ala 20 25 30 Lys Arg Gly Leu Arg Lys Phe Val Leu Ile Gly ArgAsn Pro Lys Lys 35 40 45 Leu Asp Ser Val Lys Ser Glu Ile Glu 50 55 <210>SEQ ID NO 35 <211> LENGTH: 45 <212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: ArtificialSequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: glucose-1-dehydrogenasedomain <400> SEQUENCE: 35 Thr Leu Glu Met Ile Pro Ala Lys Glu Ile GlyPhe Ala Asp Gln Val 1 5 10 15 Ala Asn Val Ala Arg Phe Leu Cys Ser AspLeu Ala Asp Tyr Ile His 20 25 30 Gly Thr Thr Ile Tyr Val Asp Gly Gly MetThr Asn Tyr 35 40 45

What is claimed:
 1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from thegroup consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising thenucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7,or SEQ ID NO:10; and (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising thenucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:9or SEQ ID NO:12.
 2. An isolated nucleic acid molecule which encodes apolypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:8, or SEQ ID NO:11.
 3. An isolated nucleicacid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence contained in theplasmid deposited with ATCC® as Accession Number ______.
 4. An isolatednucleic acid molecule which encodes a naturally occurring allelicvariant of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:8, or SEQ ID NO:11.
 5. An isolatednucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: a) anucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which is at least60% identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or 3, SEQ ID NO:4 or 6, SEQ ID NO:7 or 9, or SEQ ID NO: 10 or 12, or a complementthereof; b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a fragment of at least 50nucleotides of a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQID NO:1 or 3, SEQ ID NO: 4 or 6, SEQ ID NO:7 or 9, or SEQ ID NO:10 or12, or a complement thereof; c) a nucleic acid molecule which encodes apolypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least about 60%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ IDNO:8, or SEQ ID NO:12; and d) a nucleic acid molecule which encodes afragment of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:8, or SEQ ID NO:11, wherein the fragmentcomprises at least 16 contiguous amino acid residues of the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:8, or SEQ ID NO:11. 6.An isolated nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes to the nucleic acidmolecule of any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 under stringentconditions.
 7. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotidesequence which is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of thenucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, or
 5. 8. Anisolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleic acid molecule ofany one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and a nucleotide sequence encoding aheterologous polypeptide.
 9. A vector comprising the nucleic acidmolecule of any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, or
 5. 10. The vector of claim9, which is an expression vector.
 11. A host cell transfected with theexpression vector of claim
 10. 12. A method of producing a polypeptidecomprising culturing the host cell of claim 11 in an appropriate culturemedium to, thereby, produce the polypeptide.
 13. An isolated polypeptideselected from the group consisting of: a) a fragment of a polypeptidecomprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ IDNO:8, or SEQ ID NO:11, wherein the fragment comprises at least 16contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:8, or SEQID NO:11; b) a naturally occurring allelic variant of a polypeptidecomprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ IDNO:8, or SEQ ID NO:11, wherein the polypeptide is encoded by a nucleicacid molecule which hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule consisting ofSEQ ID NO:1 or 3, SEQ ID NO: 4 or 6, SEQ ID NO:7 or 9, or SEQ ID NO:10or 12 under stringent conditions; c) a polypeptide which is encoded by anucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which is at least60% identical to a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence ofSEQ ID NO:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 12; d) a polypeptide comprising anamino acid sequence which is at least 60% identical to the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:8, or SEQ ID NO:11. 14.The isolated polypeptide of claim 13 comprising the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:8, or SEQ ID NO:11.
 15. Thepolypeptide of claim 13, further comprising heterologous amino acidsequences.
 16. An antibody which selectively binds to a polypeptide ofclaim
 13. 17. A method for detecting the presence of a polypeptide ofclaim 13 in a sample comprising: a) contacting the sample with acompound which selectively binds to the polypeptide; and b) determiningwhether the compound binds to the polypeptide in the sample to therebydetect the presence of a polypeptide of claim 13 in the sample.
 18. Themethod of claim 17, wherein the compound which binds to the polypeptideis an antibody.
 19. A kit comprising a compound which selectively bindsto a polypeptide of claim 13 and instructions for use.
 20. A method fordetecting the presence of a nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 in a sample comprising: a) contacting the sample with anucleic acid probe or primer which selectively hybridizes to the nucleicacid molecule; and b) determining whether the nucleic acid probe orprimer binds to a nucleic acid molecule in the sample to thereby detectthe presence of a nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4,or 5 in the sample.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the samplecomprises mRNA molecules and is contacted with a nucleic acid probe. 22.A kit comprising a compound which selectively hybridizes to a nucleicacid molecule of any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 and instructions foruse.
 23. A method for identifying a compound which binds to apolypeptide of claim 13 comprising: a) contacting the polypeptide, or acell expressing the polypeptide with a test compound; and b) determiningwhether the polypeptide binds to the test compound.
 24. The method ofclaim 23, wherein the binding of the test compound to the polypeptide isdetected by a method selected from the group consisting of: a) detectionof binding by direct detection of test compound/polypeptide binding; b)detection of binding using a competition binding assay; and c) detectionof binding using an assay for DHDR activity.
 25. A method for modulatingthe activity of a polypeptide of claim 13 comprising contacting thepolypeptide or a cell expressing the polypeptide with a compound whichbinds to the polypeptide in a sufficient concentration to modulate theactivity of the polypeptide.
 26. A method for identifying a compoundwhich modulates the activity of a polypeptide of claim 13 comprising: a)contacting a polypeptide of claim 13 with a test compound; and b)determining the effect of the test compound on the activity of thepolypeptide to thereby identify a compound which modulates the activityof the polypeptide.
 27. A method of identifying a subject having a viraldisorder, or at risk for developing a viral disorder comprising: a)contacting a sample obtained from said subject comprising nucleic acidmolecules with a hybridization probe comprising at least 25 contiguousnucleotides of SEQ ID NO:10; and b) detecting the presence of a nucleicacid molecule in said sample that hybridizes to said probe, therebyidentifying a subject having a viral disorder, or at risk for developinga viral disorder.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein said hybridizationprobe is detectably labeled.
 29. The method of claim 27, wherein saidsample comprising nucleic acid molecules is subjected to agarose gelelectrophoresis and southern blotting prior to contacting with saidhybridization probe.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein said method isused to detect genomic DNA in said sample.
 31. The method of claim 27,wherein said sample comprising nucleic acid molecules is subjected toagarose gel electrophoresis and northern blotting prior to contactingwith said hybridization probe.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein saidmethod is used to detect mRNA in the sample.
 33. The method of claim 27,wherein said detecting is by in situ hybridization.
 34. A method ofidentifying a subject having a viral disorder, or at risk for developinga viral disorder comprising: a) contacting a sample obtained from saidsubject comprising nucleic acid molecules with a first and a secondamplification primer, said first primer comprising at least 25contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:10 and said second primer comprisingat least 25 contiguous nucleotides from the complement of SEQ ID NO:10;b) incubating said sample under conditions that allow nucleic acidamplification; and c) detecting the presence of a nucleic acid moleculein said sample that is amplified, thereby identifying a subject having aviral disorder, or at risk for developing a viral disorder.
 35. Themethod of claim 34, wherein said sample comprising nucleic acidmolecules is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis after saidincubation step.
 36. The method of any one of claims 34, wherein saidmethod is used to detect mRNA in said sample.
 37. The method of any oneof claims 34, wherein said method is used to detect genomic DNA in saidsample.
 38. A method of identifying a subject having a viral disorder,or at risk for developing a viral disorder comprising: a) contacting asample obtained from said subject comprising polypeptides with a DHDRbinding substance; and b) detecting the presence of a polypeptide insaid sample that binds to said DHDR binding substance, therebyidentifying a subject having a viral disorder or at risk for developinga viral disorder.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein said bindingsubstance is an antibody.
 40. The method of claim 38, wherein saidbinding substance is detectably labeled.
 41. A method for identifying acompound capable of treating a viral disorder characterized by aberrantDHDR nucleic acid expression or DHDR polypeptide activity comprisingassaying the ability of the compound to modulate DHDR nucleic acidexpression or DHDR polypeptide activity, thereby identifying a compoundcapable of treating a viral disorder characterized by aberrant DHDRnucleic acid expression or DHDR polypeptide activity.
 42. The method ofclaim 41, wherein the disorder is associated with hepatitis B virusinfection.
 43. A method for treating a subject having a viral disordercharacterized by aberrant DHDR polypeptide activity or aberrant DHDRnucleic acid expression comprising administering to the subject a DHDRmodulator, thereby treating said subject having a viral disorder. 44.The method of claim 43, wherein the DHDR modulator is a small molecule.45. The method of claim 43, wherein the DHDR modulator is an antisenseoligonucleotide.
 46. The method of claim 43, wherein the DHDR modulatoris a ribozyme.
 47. The method of claim 43, wherein the DHDR modulator isa polypeptide.
 48. The method of claim 43, wherein the DHDR modulator isan antibody.
 49. The method of claim 43, wherein the disorder isassociated with hepatitis B virus infection.